Gastrulation in the sea urchin embryo: A model system for analyzing the morphogenesis of a monolayered epithelium

Gastrulation in the sea urchin embryo: A model system for analyzing the morphogenesis of a monolayered epithelium
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海胆胚胎中的原肠胚形成:用于分析单层上皮形态发生的模型系统

DOI:
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发表时间:
2004
期刊:
Development, Growth and Differentiation
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
H. Takata
H. Takata
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
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作者:
T. Kominami;H. Takata

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海胆胚胎的原肠胚形成过程已被深入研究,以揭示单层上皮内陷的机制。人们普遍认为,内陷分两步进行(一次内陷和二次内陷),直到肠原体到达顶板,并且所产生的肠原体的组成细胞完全来自于60细胞期形成的卵裂球的植物层。然而,最近的研究表明,肠原体细胞的招募持续到棱镜期晚期,并且一些植物卵裂球的后代也被招募到肠原体中。在这篇综述中,我们首先阐述了海胆原肠形成的现状。其次,几个因素,如细胞骨架,细胞接触和细胞外基质,将讨论有关原肠胚形成的细胞和机械基础。第三,将描述海胆种类间原肠胚形成方式的差异;在某些物种中,肠管不是逐步拉长,而是连续拉长。在这些胚胎中,瓶状细胞几乎没有被观察到,而且肠原细胞在内陷过程中也没有重新排列,这与典型的海胆不同。同时也要注意其他一些因素,如囊胚腔的胀压和囊胚腔壁产生的力。尽管这些因素具有重要意义,但在海胆原肠形成的分析中却被忽视了。最后,我们将讨论色素细胞的行为如何定义原肠胚形成的方式,因为色素细胞最近被证明是触发植物板最初向内弯曲的瓶状细胞。
Processes of gastrulation in the sea urchin embryo have been intensively studied to reveal the mechanisms involved in the invagination of a monolayered epithelium. It is widely accepted that the invagination proceeds in two steps (primary and secondary invagination) until the archenteron reaches the apical plate, and that the constituent cells of the resulting archenteron are exclusively derived from the veg2 tier of blastomeres formed at the 60‐cell stage. However, recent studies have shown that the recruitment of the archenteron cells lasts as late as the late prism stage, and some descendants of veg1 blastomeres are also recruited into the archenteron. In this review, we first illustrate the current outline of sea urchin gastrulation. Second, several factors, such as cytoskeletons, cell contact and extracellular matrix, will be discussed in relation to the cellular and mechanical basis of gastrulation. Third, differences in the manner of gastrulation among sea urchin species will be described; in some species, the archenteron does not elongate stepwise but continuously. In those embryos, bottle cells are scarcely observed, and the archenteron cells are not rearranged during invagination unlike in typical sea urchins. Attention will be also paid to some other factors, such as the turgor pressure of blastocoele and the force generated by blastocoele wall. These factors, in spite of their significance, have been neglected in the analysis of sea urchin gastrulation. Lastly, we will discuss how behavior of pigment cells defines the manner of gastrulation, because pigment cells recently turned out to be the bottle cells that trigger the initial inward bending of the vegetal plate.
海胆胚胎中的原肠胚形成需要交联胶原蛋白在细胞外基质内的沉积。
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