Country-specific carbon footprint and cumulative energy demand of metallurgical grade silicon production for silicon photovoltaics

Country-specific carbon footprint and cumulative energy demand of metallurgical grade silicon production for silicon photovoltaics
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硅光伏发电冶金级硅生产的特定国家碳足迹和累计能源需求

DOI:
10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106171
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发表时间:
2022
期刊:
Conservation and Recycling
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Anctil, Annick
Anctil, Annick
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Heidari, Seyed M.;Anctil, Annick

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光伏(PV)行业需要高质量的硅砂来生产用于光伏(Si PV)的冶金级硅(MG-Si)。然而,高质量的沉积是稀缺的,使用较低质量的资源可能会增加硅光伏组件的碳足迹和累计能源需求(CED)。15年多来,石英矿开采和硅砂开采对光伏的环境影响没有更新。它不代表目前用于低质量沙子的方法,也不是特定国家的。因此,光伏生产对环境的影响可能被低估了。我们使用生命周期评估来评估高质量(>98%二氧化硅)、工业级(95%二氧化硅)和低质量(65%二氧化硅)石英矿床的石英开采、硅砂提取和MG-Si生产的碳足迹和CED,这些都是计算硅光伏能源和碳回收时间所必需的。每吨硅砂提炼的碳足迹从优质石英的22.7万千克二氧化碳当量增加到工业级的47.9千克和低质量的86.7千克。中国目前使用国外工业级石英,但计划使用国内劣质资源,这可能会使生产一公斤MG-Si的碳足迹从12.1百万公斤二氧化碳增加到16.5百万公斤二氧化碳。CED可能会从188增加到286 MJ。我们还调查了非法采矿对环境的影响。与合法矿山相比,非法矿山生产MG-Si的碳足迹和CED减少了26%至60%。非法的MG-Si生产可以更便宜,碳足迹更低,因此,第三方供应链验证对于确保光伏不会导致问题至关重要。
The photovoltaic (PV) industry requires high-quality silica sand to produce metallurgical-grade silicon (MG-Si) for silicon PV (Si PV). However, high-quality deposits are scarce, and using lower-quality resources may increase the carbon footprint and cumulative energy demand (CED) of Si PV modules. The environmental impact of quartz mining and silica sand extraction for PV has not been updated in over 15 years. It's not representative of current methods used for low-quality sand and is not country-specific. As a result, PV production's environmental impact might be underestimated. We used life-cycle assessment to evaluate the carbon footprint and CED of quartz mining, silica sand extraction, and MG-Si production for high-quality (> 98% silica), industrial-grade (95% silica), and low-quality (65% silica) quartz deposits, which are necessary to calculate Si PV's energy and carbon payback time. The carbon footprint per metric ton of silica sand extraction increased from 22.7 kg CO2eqfor high-quality quartz to 47.9 for industrial-grade and 86.7 for low-quality. China currently uses foreign industrial-grade quartz but plans to use low-quality domestic resources, which could increase the carbon footprint of producing one kg MG-Si from 12.1 to 16.5 kg CO2eq. The CED could increase from 188 to 286 MJ. We also investigated illegal mining's environmental impact. The carbon footprint and CED of MG-Si production decreased by 26 to 60% for illegal mines compared to legal mines. Illegal MG-Si production can be cheaper and have a lower carbon footprint, and therefore, third-party-supply-chain verifications are essential to ensure that PV doesn't contribute to the problem.
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