SUPERVENIENCE AS A PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPT
SUPERVENIENCE AS A PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPT
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作为一个哲学概念的附带性
DOI：
10.1111/j.1467-9973.1990.tb00830.x
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发表时间：
1990
期刊：
影响因子：
0.5
通讯作者：
Jaegwon Kim
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jaegwon Kim
随附性在很多方面都是一个哲学概念。首先，像原因和合理性这样的概念一样，它经常被用于制定哲学理论和论点。因此，我们主张伦理谓词是“附随谓词”，或者整体的特征附随于其部分的特征。并且已经提出了一些论点来表明，道德属性的随附性破坏了道德实在论，或者相反，道德随附性表明伦理判断毕竟是”客观的”。而且，就像因果关系和理性一样，随附性的概念本身已经成为哲学分析的对象和一些争议的问题，但与因果关系不同的是，随附性几乎完全是哲学家的概念，在哲学论文和争论之外不太可能遇到。另一方面，原因的概念是我们工作语言的一个组成部分，没有这个概念，我们很难描述我们的经验和观察，构建对自然事件的解释，评估责备和赞扬。关于理性的概念也可以说是类似的，尽管这个概念在日常话语中并不像原因那样普遍存在。当然，随附性并不是唯一的技术性哲学概念;还有许多其他概念，如形而上学中的“可能性”和“可能世界”，意义理论中的“分析性”，以及当前突出的“宽”和“窄”内容概念。但这并不是说“随附性”这个词是哲学家的新词;相反，它已经存在了一段时间，并且有着令人尊敬的历史。《牛津英语词典》列出了形容词”supervenient”第一次出现在1594年，动词”supervene”第一次出现在1647-48年;根据《牛津英语词典》的记载，名词“附带性”早在1664年就出现了，然而，“发生的”及其同源词几乎无一例外地适用于”发生的”意义上的具体事件和事件一个给定的事件作为额外的和无关的东西（也许是意外的东西），或在另一个事件发生后不久发生，如在“突然发生的国王死亡”（1647-48）和“国王被他的马鞍的鞍头擦伤;发烧随之而来，受伤证明
Supervenience is a philosophical concept in more ways than one. First of all, like such concepts as cause and rationality, it is often used in the formulation of philosophical doctrines and arguments. Thus, we have the claim that ethical predicates are" supervenient predicates", or that the characteristics of a whole supervene on those of its parts. And arguments have been advanced to show that the supervenience of moral properties undermines moral realism, or that, on the contrary, moral supervenience shows ethical judgments are" objective" after all. And, again like causality and rationality, the concept of supervenience itself has become an object of philosophical analysis and a matter of some controversy.But unlike causality supervenience is almost exclusively a philo sopher's concept, one not likely to be encountered outside philosophical dissertations and disputations. The notion of cause, on the other hand, is an integral part of our workaday language, a concept without which we could hardly manage in describing our experiences and observations, framing explanations of natural events, and assessing blame and praise. Something similar can be said about the notion of being rational as well, although this concept is not as ubiquitous in ordinary discourse as that of cause. Supervenience of course is not unique in being a technical philosophical concept; there are many others, such as" haecceity" and" possible world" in metaphysics," analyticity" in the theory of meaning, and the currently prominent concepts of" wide" and" narrow" content. But this isn't to say that the word" supervenience" is a philosopher's neologism; on the contrary, it has been around for some time, and has had a respectable history. The OED lists 1594 for the first documented occurrence of the adjective" supervenient" and 1647-48 for the verb" supervene"; the noun" supervenience" occurred as early as 1664, according to the OED In these uses, however," supervene" and its cognates were almost without exception applied to concrete events and occurrences in the sense of" coming upon" a given event as something additional and extraneous (perhaps as something unexpected), or coming shortly after another occurrence, as in" Upon a sudden supervened the death of the king"(1647-48) and" The king was bruised by the pommel of his saddle; fever supervened, and the injury proved