Recent Research on Chaco: Changing Views on Economy, Ritual, and Society
Recent Research on Chaco: Changing Views on Economy, Ritual, and Society
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查科的最新研究：改变对经济、仪式和社会的看法
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发表时间：
2002
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通讯作者：
Barbara J. Mills
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文献类型：
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作者：
Barbara J. Mills
目前对查科峡谷及其周边异常群落的研究正处于一个重要的节点。在该地区工作的考古学家们提出了不同的问题，尤其是查科人的政治、经济、仪式和社会组织是如何形成的，而不是试图争论是否存在复杂性。这些研究路线并不是试图将查科归类为传统的新进化类型，而是试图了解导致10世纪至12世纪查科峡谷和西南北部大部分地区建造纪念性建筑的历史轨迹。本文综述了查科地区的定义、最近的田野调查、查科考古历史、年代学、古环境重建、人口学、政治组织、离群社区、经济组织、社会组织、仪式、暴力和后查科重组等方面的研究成果。尽管许多问题都有激烈的争论，但越来越多的人认为，权力并不是建立在一个集中的政治组织之上的，而这种仪式组织是在广阔的地区景观中复制查科建筑的关键因素。仪式、社会和政治组织究竟是如何交织在一起的，这是查科学者的一个核心问题。这个问题的解决将被证明是全球所有研究中间社会的考古学家的兴趣所在。
Current research on Chaco Canyon and its surrounding outlier communities is at an important juncture. Rather than trying to argue for the presence or absence of complexity, archaeologists working in the area are asking different questions, especially how Chacoan political, economic, ritual, and social organization were structured. These lines of inquiry do not attempt to pigeonhole Chaco into traditional neoevolutionary types, but instead seek to understand the historical trajectory that led to the construction of monumental architecture in Chaco Canyon and a large part of the northern Southwest in the 10th through 12th centuries. This review discusses the conclusions of current research at Chaco including definitions of the Chaco region, recent fieldwork, histories of Chaco archaeology, chronology, paleoenvironmental reconstruction, demography, political organization, outlier communities, economic organization, social organization, ritual, violence, and the post-Chacoan reorganization. Although many issues are hotly debated, there is a growing concensus that power was not based in a centralized political organization and that ritual organization was a key factor in the replication of Chacoan architecture across a vast regional landscape. Exactly how ritual, social, and political organization intersected is a central question for Chaco scholars. The resolution of this problem will prove to be of interest to all archaeologists working with intermediate societies across the globe.