Genetic and epigenetic control of skeletal muscle development
Genetic and epigenetic control of skeletal muscle development
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DOI：
10.1016/j.aanat.2004.12.018
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发表时间：
2005-07-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Brand-Saberi, B
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brand-Saberi, B
近年来，我们对骨骼肌发生的分子过程的了解有了很大的提高。公开的肌肉发生之前有一些步骤导致肌肉前体细胞的规范。在此期间，成肌前体表达bHLH转录因子家族的肌肉调节因子(MRF)的mRNAs：MyoD、Myf5、Mygenin和MRF4。这些因素是骨骼肌发育所特有的，它们的识别属于肌肉研究的重大成果。其他参与肌肉发生的转录调控因子包括Pax3和Pax7，以及肌细胞增强因子(MEF)，特别是MEF2。其他抑制转录因子可能会与组蛋白相互作用，使肌肉特异性基因无法获得。最近，涉及Wnt-糖蛋白和Sonic Hedgehog的信号事件已被发现，这些信号事件导致在胚胎发育过程中肌肉特异基因的诱导或扩展。这些信号的来源被确定为神经管、外胚层和脊索。有趣的是，偏向肌肉分化的偏向已经存在于上胚层的细胞中。因此，可以推断，肌肉分化不一定要诱导，而可能只是去抑制。除了参与分化控制的诱导性或允许性信号外，还描述了导致体内肌群明确排列的其他信号事件。这些过程涉及细胞骨架的改变、分化延迟、细胞迁移和靶点识别。(C)2005年爱思唯尔股份有限公司。版权所有。
In recent years our understanding of the molecular processes underlying skeletal myogenesis has improved considerably. Overt myogenesis is preceded by a number of steps leading to the specification of muscle precursor cells. During this period, myogenic precursors express mRNAs for Muscle Regulatory Factors (MRFs) of the bHLH-family of transcription factors: MyoD, Myf5, Myogenin and MRF4. These factors are specific for developing skeletal muscle and their identification belongs to the great achievements in muscle research. Other transcriptional regulators involved in myogenesis are Pax3 and Pax7, as well as the myocyte enhancer factors (MEFs), especially MEF2. Other inhibitory transcription factors may interact with histones to render muscle-specific genes inacessible. More recently, signaling events involving the Wnt-glycoproteins and Sonic Hedgehog have been identified that lead to the induction or expansion of muscle-specific genes during embryogenesis. Sources of these signals were identified to be the neural tube, ectoderm and notochord. Interestingly, a bias towards muscle differentiation already resides in cells of the epiblast. Thus, it can be reasoned that muscle differentiation does not have to be induced, but maybe just derepressed. Apart from inductive or permissive signals involved in differentiation control, other signaling events have been described leading to the definite arrangement of muscle groups in the body. These processes involve the changes in the cytoskeleton, delay of differentiation, cell migration and target recognition. (c) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.