Nitrate contamination of groundwater in North America
Nitrate contamination of groundwater in North America
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DOI：
10.1016/0167-8809(89)90012-1
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发表时间：
1989-10
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Power;J. Schepers
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Power;J. Schepers
地下水是北美90%以上农村人口和50%总人口的主要生活用水来源。因此，保护地下水不受污染是一个主要问题。本文综述了北美地区地下水硝酸盐污染的控制问题。地下水中的硝酸盐来源于许多非点源，包括地质来源、化粪池、动物粪便的不当使用、耕作（特别是休耕）降水和肥料。不同地区地下水中硝态氮的积累可能有不同的来源。硝酸盐污染的主要区域经常发生在灌溉下，因为需要淋滤来控制根区盐的积累。在过去的几十年里，灌溉面积和氮肥的使用大大增加，这两者都可能导致地下水硝酸盐问题。使用已知的最佳管理做法（灌溉计划；根据校准的土壤试验施肥；保护性耕作；可接受的种植做法；建议的施肥率）已被证明在控制硝酸盐淋失方面非常有效。政府需要制定政策，鼓励和奖励使用有助于控制地下水中硝酸盐积累的最佳管理做法。
Groundwater serves as the primary domestic water supply for over 90% of the rural population and 50% of the total population of North America. Consequently, protection of groundwater from contamination is of major concern. This paper reviews the problem of controlling nitrate pollution of groundwater in North America. Nitrates in groundwater originate from a number of non-point sources, including geological origins, septic tanks, improper use of animal manures, cultivation (especially fallowing) precipitation, and fertilizers. Accumulation of nitrate N in groundwater is probably attributed to different sources for different regions. Major areas of nitrate pollution often occur under irrigation because leaching is required to control salt accumulation in the root zone. In the last few decades, areas under irrigation and the use of N fertilizers have increased greatly, and both of these have probably contributed to groundwater nitrate problems. Use of known best management practices (irrigation scheduling; fertilization based on calibrated soil tests; conservation tillage; acceptable cropping practices; recommended manuring rates) has been demonstrated to be highly effective in controlling leaching of nitrates. Government policies are needed that will encourage and reward the use of the best management practices that help control nitrate accumulations in groundwater.