SYNERGISM BETWEEN SIB-REARING AND SEX-RATIO IN HYMENOPTERA
SYNERGISM BETWEEN SIB-REARING AND SEX-RATIO IN HYMENOPTERA
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DOI：
10.1007/bf00292098
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发表时间：
1989-01-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
CRESPI, BJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
FRANK, SA;CRESPI, BJ
在许多蜜蜂和黄蜂中，独居的雌性在没有其他雌性帮助的情况下产生后代。从单身母亲生育后代到女性经常帮助抚养兄弟姐妹的转变是复杂社会性和非生殖种姓起源的重要一步。最近的研究强调了性别比例变化在这种转变中的作用;当母亲的育雏比平均水平更偏向女性时，年长的女儿更倾向于帮助抚养年幼的兄弟姐妹，因为她们与姐妹篇的关系比自己的后代更密切。在这里，因果关系的方向是从由某种外在机制引起的性别比例偏差到兄弟姐妹养育的起源（真社会性）。我们提出了一个模型，其中有一个协同作用之间的兄弟姐妹抚养和女性偏见的性别比例，这可能是补充性别比例变化的想法，通过增加的速度，帮助传播或作为一个替代假说的起源的真社会。在我们的模型中的协同作用取决于三个条件。1)“子”，是指“子”。2)女性比男性更大，这有利于有帮手的母亲生更多的女儿。3）。一个帮手的包容性健身上升，因为她母亲的育雏越来越女性偏见，因为一个女性帮手更密切地与她的姐妹篇比她的兄弟。一个女性帮手也可能更密切地与她的姐妹篇比她自己的后代，但这种特殊的兄弟后代的相关性不对称是不需要的协同作用模型。这三个条件创造了一种协同作用，有利于从孤独（亚社会）到真正社会的快速过渡。促进真社会性进化的人口和生态因素降低了我们的想法所要求的相关性不对称条件（3）的严格性。因此，协同作用模型补充了相关性以外的因素，这些因素在真社会性的演变过程中可能是重要的。
In many bees and wasps, solitary females produce offspring without help from other females. The transition from lone mothers producing offspring to situations in which females often help to rear siblings is an important step in the origins of complex sociality and nonreproductive castes. Recent work on Hymenoptera has stressed the role of sex ratio variation in this transition; when a mother''s brood is more female biased than average, older daughters are favored to help rear their younger siblings because they are more closely related to sisters than to their own offspring. Here the direction of causality is from biased sex ratios, which arise by some extrinsic mechanism, to the origins of sib-rearing (eusociality). We present a model in which there is a synergism between sib-rearing and female-biased sex ratios, which may either complement the sex ratio variation idea by increasing the rate at which helping spreads or be an alternative hypothesis about the origins of eusociality. The synergism in our model depends on three conditions. 1) Daughters that help cause more food to be provisioned per offspring, which in turn causes larger offspring. 2) Females gain more than males by being large, which favors mothers with helpers to produce a higher proportion of daughters. 3). A helper''s inclusive fitness rises as her mother''s brood becomes increasingly female biased because a female helper is more closely related to her sisters than to her brothers. A female helper may also be more closely related to her sisters than to her own offspring, but this particular siblig-offspring relatedness asymmetry is not required by the synergism model. These three conditions create a synergism which favors a rapid transition from solitary (subsocial) to eusocial. Demographic and ecological factors that facilitate the evolution of eusociality reduce the stringency of the relatedness asymmetry condition (3) required by our idea. The synergism model therefore complements factors other than relatedness that may have been important during the evolution of eusociality.