How does 'Free, Prior and Informed Consent' (FPIC) impact social equity? Lessons from mining and forestry and their implications for REDD+

How does 'Free, Prior and Informed Consent' (FPIC) impact social equity? Lessons from mining and forestry and their implications for REDD+
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“自由、事先和知情同意”(FPIC)如何影响社会公平?

DOI:
10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.06.014
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发表时间:
2013
期刊:
影响因子:
7.1
通讯作者:
Mahanty S
Mahanty S
中科院分区:
法学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Mahanty S

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通过国际协定和保障措施促进“自由、事先和知情同意”原则,以加强资源管理方面的社会公平,要求在采取影响土著和/或地方社区土地和资源权利的行动之前征得他们的同意。基于在采矿业和林业实施FPIC标准的早期经验,我们研究了FPIC如何影响社会公平以及原因。在这两个部门,自由、事先、知情和同意首先是通过非政府标准实施的,这些标准揭示了其定义和实施的模糊性。在采矿业,自由、事先、知情和同意首先被编入金融投资者的标准,而在林业,自由、事先、知情和同意是在相互竞争的市场认证计划中出现的,从而产生了截然不同的定义。在这两个部门中,政府法律和政策、社会政治环境以及权利和资源的总体分配等背景因素强烈影响自由、知情和同意对公平的影响,特别是对没有强有力的法律的权利的行为者而言。这些发现对于REDD+等新兴领域具有重要意义,在这些领域,围绕政府、金融机构和市场行为体在应用自由、事先、知情和同意制度实现社会公平结果方面的作用存在许多争论。
The principle of “Free, Prior and Informed Consent” (FPIC) is promoted through international agreements and safeguards in order to strengthen social equity in resource management by requiring consent from indigenous and/or local communities prior to actions that affect their land and resource rights. Based on early experiences with implementing FPIC standards in mining and forestry, we examine how FPIC has impacted social equity and why. In both sectors FPIC was first operationalized through non-governmental standards that revealed ambiguities surrounding its definition and implementation. In mining, FPIC was first codified in the standards of financial investors, while in forestry FPIC emerged within competing market-based certification schemes, resulting in contrasting definitions. In both sectors, contextual factors such as government laws and policies, the socio-political environment and the overall distribution of rights and resources strongly shape the impacts of FPIC on equity particularly for actors without strong legal rights. These findings are significant for emerging arenas such as REDD+, where there is much debate around the role of governments, financial institutions and market-based actors in applying FPIC for social equity outcomes.
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