Behavior of infant chimpanzees during the night in the first 4 months of life: Smiling and suckling in relation to behavioral state
Behavior of infant chimpanzees during the night in the first 4 months of life: Smiling and suckling in relation to behavioral state
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DOI：
10.1207/s15327078in0902_7
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发表时间：
2006-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Matsuzawa, Tetsuro
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mizuno, Yuu;Takeshita, Hideko;Matsuzawa, Tetsuro
本文报道了3只新生黑猩猩在出生后前4个月的行为，它们由母亲抚养，生活在一个由14只黑猩猩组成的半自然丰富环境中。我们关注夜间的自发活动，部分原因是睡眠行为构成了婴儿活动的重要组成部分。夜间观察的优点还在于，在整个观察期间，母亲的活动和环境刺激的影响保持不变。我们报告了几个有趣的发现。通过明显特征（如睁开或闭上眼睛）定义的行为状态在夜间是可变的，快速眼动（REM）和非REM睡眠模式交替变化，就像人类婴儿一样。虽然哭泣是人类婴儿的独特行为状态之一，但黑猩猩婴儿并不像人类那样哭泣。哺乳行为通常伴随着睁开眼睛，直到前2个月结束。此后，闭上眼睛吮吸变得更加突出。虽然没有明确的刺激，新生儿表现出新生儿的微笑，在REM睡眠期间闭上眼睛。然而，新生儿的微笑在最初的2个月内消失，取而代之的是睁开眼睛的社交微笑。总之，研究结果表明，人类婴儿和黑猩猩婴儿在2个月左右自发活动的发育变化方面具有很强的相似性。
This article reports the behavior of 3 newborn chimpanzees in the first 4 months of life, reared by their mothers and living in a community of 14 chimpanzees in a semi-natural enriched environment. We focused on spontaneous activity during the night partly because sleeping behavior constitutes an essential part of the infants' activity. Observation during the night also had the advantage of keeping the influence of the mothers' activity as well as the environmental stimulation constant throughout the observation period. We report several interesting findings. Behavioral states defined through overt features such as open or closed eyes were variable during the night, with the rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep patterns alternating much as they do in human infants. Although crying is one of the distinctive behavioral states in the case of human infants, the chimpanzee infants did not cry like humans. Suckling behavior was often accompanied by open eyes until the end of the first 2 months. Thereafter, suckling with the eyes closed became more prominent. Although there were no explicit stimuli, the newborns showed neonatal smiling with the eyes closed during REM sleep periods. However, neonatal smiling disappeared within the first 2 months and was replaced by social smiling with open eyes. Taken together, the results suggest a strong similarity between human infants and chimpanzee infants in terms of developmental changes in spontaneous activities at around 2 months of age.