On the rise of fear speech in online social media.
On the rise of fear speech in online social media.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2212270120
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发表时间：
2023-03-14
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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潜在的恐惧一直是人类历史上的一个问题，甚至超越了动物世界的其他部分。这种恐惧是如此根深蒂固，即使是最轻微的“敲击”它可能引发不同群体之间的暴力冲突。在这里，我们展示了社交媒体平台是如何被用来广泛调解存在主义恐惧的元素作为恐惧言论帖子的。它们的无毒和争论性使它们对即使是善意的用户也有吸引力，而这些用户又通过重新分享、点赞和回复它们而促进了它们的广泛流行。值得注意的是，这种普遍性远远强于更知名的仇恨言论帖子。我们的工作需要加强节制努力和提高认识运动，以减轻恐惧言论的有害影响。最近，社交媒体平台受到严格控制，以防止网上仇恨言论的传播，这些言论通常含有大量有毒词语，并针对个人或社区。由于这种严重的缓和，正在使用更新和更微妙的技术。其中，最令人敬畏的是《论语》。恐惧演讲，顾名思义，试图煽动对目标社区的恐惧。虽然很微妙，但它可能非常有效，经常将社区推向身体冲突。因此，了解它们在社交媒体中的流行程度至关重要。本文介绍了一项大规模的研究，以了解从Gab.com收集的40万恐惧言论和超过70万仇恨言论帖子的流行情况。值得注意的是，发布大量恐惧言论的用户比发布大量仇恨言论的用户积累了更多的关注者，并在社交网络中占据了更多的中心位置。他们还可以通过回复、转发和提及，比仇恨言论用户更有效地接触到良性用户。这与一个事实有关，即与仇恨言论不同，恐惧言论几乎没有有毒内容，使其看起来似乎是合理的。此外，虽然恐惧言论主题大多将社区描绘为使用（假）论证链的犯罪者，但仇恨言论主题直接投掷多目标侮辱，从而指出为什么一般用户更容易上当恐惧言论。我们的研究结果甚至超越了其他平台（Twitter和Facebook），因此有必要使用复杂的适度政策和大众意识来打击恐惧言论。
Existential fear has always been a concern across human history and even transcends to the rest of the animal world. This fear is so deeply ingrained that even the slightest “knock” to it could spark a violent conflict among different groups. Here, we demonstrate how social media platforms are used to extensively mediate elements of existential fear as fear speech posts. Their nontoxic and argumentative nature makes them appealing to even benign users who in turn contribute to their wide prevalence by resharing, liking, and replying to them. Remarkably, this prevalence is far stronger than the more well-known hate speech posts. Our work necessitates consolidated moderation efforts and awareness campaigns to mitigate the harmful effects of fear speech. Recently, social media platforms are heavily moderated to prevent the spread of online hate speech, which is usually fertile in toxic words and is directed toward an individual or a community. Owing to such heavy moderation, newer and more subtle techniques are being deployed. One of the most striking among these is fear speech. Fear speech, as the name suggests, attempts to incite fear about a target community. Although subtle, it might be highly effective, often pushing communities toward a physical conflict. Therefore, understanding their prevalence in social media is of paramount importance. This article presents a large-scale study to understand the prevalence of 400K fear speech and over 700K hate speech posts collected from Gab.com. Remarkably, users posting a large number of fear speech accrue more followers and occupy more central positions in social networks than users posting a large number of hate speech. They can also reach out to benign users more effectively than hate speech users through replies, reposts, and mentions. This connects to the fact that, unlike hate speech, fear speech has almost zero toxic content, making it look plausible. Moreover, while fear speech topics mostly portray a community as a perpetrator using a (fake) chain of argumentation, hate speech topics hurl direct multitarget insults, thus pointing to why general users could be more gullible to fear speech. Our findings transcend even to other platforms (Twitter and Facebook) and thus necessitate using sophisticated moderation policies and mass awareness to combat fear speech.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2102144118
发表时间：
2021-12-14
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
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影响因子：
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