MATERNAL CARE AND INFANT BEHAVIOR IN JAPAN AND AMERICA
MATERNAL CARE AND INFANT BEHAVIOR IN JAPAN AND AMERICA
复制标题
DOI：
10.1080/00332747.1969.11023572
复制
发表时间：
1969-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
WEINSTEI.H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
CAUDILL, W;WEINSTEI.H
从某种意义上说，人类的行为可以在一定程度上受到文化的影响，也就是受到共同的行动模式的影响，即通过学习在知情和不知情的情况下从一代传到下一代。文化的影响是普遍的，因为在某些方面，一个人学会变得像所有的人；特别是，一个在一个社会长大的人，在某些方面学会变得像他所在社会的所有人，而不是其他社会的人。这里报道的这项调查背后的一个普遍问题是，作为理解人类行为的一个变量，特定文化差异的重要性程度。我们开始了目前对日本和美国儿童前六年生活的纵向研究，因为我们希望探索婴儿生命的早期阶段，以及以何种方式，文化差异在行为上变得明显。我们把文化作为一个变量，绝不是要否认其他主要变异来源的巨大和相互关联的重要性，例如婴儿的遗传天赋和生理功能、父母的心理特征以及家庭在社会结构中的地位。相反，通过对这些其他变异来源的影响进行控制或随机化，我们希望更清楚地估计我们的人类行为样本中可能归因于文化差异的总变异的数量。在本研究中，我们选择了30名日本婴儿和30名美国3至4个月大的婴儿-按性别平均分配，均为长子，均来自生活在城市环境中的完整中产阶级家庭-并在1961年至期间在这些婴儿的家中进行了一项观察性研究。本文给出了这项研究的结果。随后，我们在每种文化中的前20名儿童的家中进行了观察，他们在两岁半的时候，以及在他们六岁的时候，再次进行了观察，但这些数据尚未被分析。
HUMAN BEHAVIOR can be distinguished, in one sense, from that of other animals in the degree to which it is influenced by culturethat is, influenced by shared patterns of action-belief, feeling, and thinking that are transmitted knowingly and unknowingly from one generation to the next through learning. The influence of culture is universal in that in some respects a man learns to become like all men; and it is particular in that a man who il'l reared in one society learns to become in some respects like all men of his society and not like those of others. A general question underlying the investigation reported here concerns the degree of importance of particular cultural differences, as a variable in the understanding of human behavior. We began the present longitudinal study of children over the first six years of life in Japan and America because we wished to explore how early in the lives of infants, and in what ways, cultural differences become manifest in behavior. Our focus on culture as a variable is in no way meant to deny the great, and interrelated, importance of other major sources of variation, such as genetic endowment and physiological functioning of the infant, psychological characteristics of the parents, and position of the family in the social structure. Rather, by either controlling for or randomizing the effect of these other sources of variation, we wished to estimate more clearly the amount of the total variance in our sample of human behavior which may be attributed to cultural differences.In the present study, we selected a matched sample of 30 Japanese and 30 American three-to-four-month-old infants-equally divided by sex, all firstborn, and all from intact middle-class families living in urban settings-and carried out an observational study in the homes of these infants during 1961-64. This article gives the results of that study. Subsequently, we made observations in the homes of the first 20 of these same children in each culture at the time they became two-and-a-half years of age, and again when they became six years of age, but these data have not as yet been analyzed.