East Africa and Madagascar in the Indian Ocean world
East Africa and Madagascar in the Indian Ocean world
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DOI：
10.1007/s10963-013-9067-4
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发表时间：
2013-09-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Fuller, Dorian Q.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Boivin, Nicole;Crowther, Alison;Fuller, Dorian Q.
长期以来，印度洋一直是地理上相距遥远的人群之间接触、贸易和转让商品、技术和思想的论坛。该地区扩大海上连通性的另一个较少研究的结果是一系列动植物物种的转移，包括家养和野生动植物。现在可以看到，这些移位中有相当一部分涉及非洲，要么提供物种，要么接受物种，这表明非洲在日益联系在一起的印度洋世界的出现中所起的作用值得更系统地考虑。虽然与东非海岸最早的国际接触仍然鲜为人知，部分原因是考古植物学和动物考古学研究的匮乏，但近海岛屿上早期狩猎采集地点的发现，以及野生动物在这些岛屿之间以及这些岛屿与大陆之间的迁移，为非洲早期海岸活动提供了一些证据。然而，从公元7世纪开始，以一系列引进物种的形式出现了参与印度洋世界的明确证据，包括共生动物和家养动物以及农作物。新的遗传研究表明，物种流向海岸是复杂的，经常指出不止一个来源。东非海岸和马达加斯加似乎是重要的遗传混合中心，利用东南亚、南亚和中东的遗传多样性，有时产生独特的杂交物种。生物模式反映了一个深度联网的贸易和联系情况，并支持东非在早期印度洋世界的事件和变革中发挥关键作用。
The Indian Ocean has long been a forum for contact, trade and the transfer of goods, technologies and ideas between geographically distant groups of people. Another, less studied, outcome of expanding maritime connectivity in the region is the translocation of a range of species of plants and animals, both domestic and wild. A significant number of these translocations can now be seen to involve Africa, either providing or receiving species, suggesting that Africa's role in the emergence of an increasingly connected Indian Ocean world deserves more systematic consideration. While the earliest international contacts with the East African coast remain poorly understood, in part due to a paucity of archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological studies, some evidence for early African coastal activity is provided by the discovery of early hunter-gatherer sites on offshore islands, and, possibly, by the translocation of wild animals among these islands, and between them and the mainland. From the seventh century, however, clear evidence for participation in the Indian Ocean world emerges, in the form of a range of introduced species, including commensal and domestic animals, and agricultural crops. New genetic studies demonstrate that the flow of species to the coast is complex, with more than one source frequently indicated. The East African coast and Madagascar appear to have been significant centres of genetic admixture, drawing upon Southeast Asian, South Asian and Middle Eastern genetic varieties, and sometimes yielding unique hybrid species. The biological patterns reflect a deeply networked trade and contact situation, and support East Africa's key role in the events and transformations of the early Indian Ocean world.