Reproductive phenology of urban birds: Environmental cues and mechanisms
Reproductive phenology of urban birds: Environmental cues and mechanisms
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城市鸟类的繁殖物候：环境线索和机制
DOI：
10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199661572.003.0008
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
S. Davies
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
P. Deviche;S. Davies
地球的陆地表面正在以越来越快的速度转变为城市空间，不可逆转地改变了栖息地、当地气候和生物多样性（Seto et al., 2011）。关于城市化对鸟类影响的研究中出现的最清晰和最一致的模式之一是，城市化与季节性繁殖时间的提前（繁殖物候学）有关。事实上，最近的一项荟萃分析表明，许多城市鸟类比非城市鸟类明显更早产卵（Chamberlain et al, 2009）。为了进一步证明这一结论，我们使用Chamberlain等人（2009）的方法进行了文献检索，除了包括产卵日期的调查外，还将检索范围扩大到生殖生理学和形态学的研究（表8.1）。我们确定了27项研究，其中包括对居住在城市和非城市地区的鸟类进行配对的种内比较。这些研究结果表明，城市鸟类产卵期提前的模式反映在繁殖形态的物候上。例如，在26项比较中有20项，在21项研究中有16项使用显著性检验（图8.1）。此外，18种中有13种的生殖物候表现较好；3种无显著性差异，只有2种呈相反方向差异，分别是美洲捕蝇鸟（Em-pidonax virescens）和欧洲椋鸟（Sturnus vulgaris）。值得注意的是，这些研究仅来自三个生态区：温带阔叶混交林、温带针叶林、沙漠和干旱灌木地。此外，大多数研究（27项研究中的23项）是在第一个生态区的城市进行的，只有两个研究分别来自温带针叶林和沙漠和干旱灌丛生态区。因此，这些地区的发现是否可以推广到其他地区仍然是未知的。许多环境因素，包括人工照明、环境温度、食物丰度和/或类型，被认为是造成上述生殖物候差异的原因。然而，对这些假设的实验检验在很大程度上是缺乏的，而且对所观察到的趋势的根本原因也知之甚少。在本章中，我们的目标是(a)描述城市化如何改变三个环境因素（光、温度和食物供应），(b)分析这些变化在鸟类繁殖物候变化中的作用，以及(c)讨论这些变化背后的机制
The Earth's land surfaces are being converted to urban spaces at an ever increasing rate, irreversibly altering habitats, local climates, and biodiversity (Seto et al., 2011). One of the clearest and most consistent patterns emerging from studies of the effects of urbanization on birds is that it is associated with advancement in the timing of seasonal reproduction (reproductive phenology). Indeed, a recent meta-analysis showed that many urban birds lay significantly earlier than non-urban birds (Chamberlain et al., 2009). To further demonstrate this conclusion, we performed a literature search using the methods of Chamberlain et al.,(2009) and, in addition to including investigations of lay date, expanded the search to encompass studies of reproductive physi-ology and morphology (Table 8.1). We identified 27 studies that included a paired, intraspecific comparison of bird species inhabiting urban and nonurban areas. The analysis of these studies revealed that the pattern of advanced lay date in urban birds is mirrored in the phenology of reproductive morphology. For instance, reproductive phenology was advanced in 20 of 26 comparisons and in 16 of 21 studies using a significance test (Figure 8.1). Fur-thermore, advanced reproductive phenology was reported in 13 of 18 species; three species did not differ and only two species, Acadian flycatcher, Em-pidonax virescens, and European starling, Sturnus vulgaris, showed differences in the opposite direction. It is notable that these studies come from just three ecoregions: temperate broadleaf and mixed forest, temperate conifer forest, and desert and xeric shrubland. Moreover, most (23 of 27) studies were performed in cities located in the first of these ecoregions, with only two studies each coming from the temperate coniferous forest and from desert and xeric shrubland ecoregions. Whether findings from these regions can be generalized to other regions re-mains, therefore, unknown.A number of environmental factors including artificial lighting, ambient temperature, and food abundance and/or type are hypothesized to cause the above disparity in reproductive phenology. However, experimental tests of these hypotheses are, for the most part, lacking and the underlying cause of the observed trend is poorly understood. In this chapter, we aim to (a) describe how urbanization modifies three environmental factors (light, temperature, and food availability),(b) analyse the role of these modifications in alterations of avian reproductive phenology, and (c) discuss mechanisms that underlie these