The Physical Characteristics and Usage Patterns of Stone Axe and Pounding Hammers Used by Long-Tailed Macaques in the Andaman Sea Region of Thailand
The Physical Characteristics and Usage Patterns of Stone Axe and Pounding Hammers Used by Long-Tailed Macaques in the Andaman Sea Region of Thailand
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DOI：
10.1002/ajp.20694
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发表时间：
2009-07-01
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Malaivijitnond, Suchinda
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gumert, Michael D.;Kluck, Marius;Malaivijitnond, Suchinda
在自然条件下的石头锤击已经在黑猩猩和胡须卷尾猴中进行了广泛的研究。相比之下，旧大陆野生猴子使用石器的知识仅限于轶事报道，尽管已经知道120多年的猕猴使用石器加工安达曼海岛屿潮间带的带壳食物。我们的报告是第一次对这些猕猴使用的石器进行科学调查。我们观察到他们是熟练的工具使用者，每天使用石器。他们为不同的食物选择了不同质量的工具，并且似乎使用至少两种类型的石器。敲击锤被用来压碎砧上的贝类和坚果，斧锤被用来挑选或切割附着在巨石或树木上的牡蛎。我们发现这两种工具之间存在显著的物理差异。工具牡蛎床较小，表现出疤痕模式更经常集中在点上，而在铁砧发现的工具较大，并显示出更多的疤痕更广泛的表面。我们还观察到两种工具类型之间的抓地力差异。最后，短尾猴用斧锤击打目标的速度更快，动作范围也更广。我们的行为和石器数据都支持斧头锤可能比重击锤具有更大的控制力和精度。手大小的斧锤被用来控制芯片裂纹附着牡蛎，和更大的冲击锤被用来粉碎坚果和独立的贝类砧。除了石头，他们还使用了手大小的螺旋钻壳（Turritella attenuata）作为镐来斧砍附着的牡蛎。磅锤似乎与黑猩猩和卷尾猴使用的石器相似，但斧头锤尚未在自然条件下在其他非人类灵长类动物中记录。Am. J. Primatol. 71：594-608，2009. (C)2009 Wiley-Liss，Inc.
Stone hammering in natural conditions has been extensively investigated in chimpanzees and bearded capuchins. In contrast, knowledge of stone tool use in wild Old World monkeys has been limited to anecdotal reports, despite having known for over 120 years that Macaca fascicularis aurea use stone tools to process shelled foods from intertidal zones on islands in the Andaman Sea. Our report is the first scientific investigation to look at the stone tools used by these macaques. We observed they were skilled tool users and used stone tools daily. They selected tools with differing qualities for differing food items, and appeared to use at least two types of stone tools. Pounding hammers were used to crush shellfish and nuts on anvils and axe hammers were used to pick or chip at oysters attached to boulders or trees. We found significant physical differences between these two tools. Tools at oyster beds were smaller and exhibited scarring patterns focused more often on the points, whereas tools found at anvils were larger and showed more scarring on the broader surfaces. We also observed grip differences between the two tool types. Lastly, macaques struck targets with axe hammers more rapidly and over a wider range of motion than with pounding hammers. Both our behavioral and lithic data support that axe hammers might be used with greater control and precision than pounding hammers. Hand-sized axe hammers were used for controlled chipping to crack attached oysters, and larger pounding hammers were used to crush nuts and unattached shellfish on anvils. In addition to stones, they also used hand-sized auger shells (Turritella attenuata) as picks to axe attached oysters. Pound hammering appears similar to the stone tools used by chimpanzees and capuchins, but axe hammering has not yet been documented in other nonhuman primates in natural conditions. Am. J. Primatol. 71:594-608, 2009. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.