Oxytocin, Vasopressin and Related Peptides in the Regulation of Behavior: Oxytocin, vasopressin, and the evolution of mating systems in mammals
Oxytocin, Vasopressin and Related Peptides in the Regulation of Behavior: Oxytocin, vasopressin, and the evolution of mating systems in mammals
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催产素、加压素和相关肽在行为调节中的作用：催产素、加压素和哺乳动物交配系统的进化
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9781139017855.011
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
L. Young
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. M. Freeman;L. Young
“人多势众”“群体心态”“人人为我，我为人人”我们的语言中充满了这样的短语，表达了人类对社会利益的几乎本能的理解。我们认为，人类社会中67亿人中的大多数人没有意识到，我们行为的社会动机本质并不是许多其他物种的默认生活方式。我们的高度社会性对我们来说似乎是如此自然，以至于我们没有意识到这在动物世界中是罕见的。我们被其他人包围，并依赖他们提供我们生存所需的商品和服务。我们与他人合作，甚至表现出利他行为。我们每天所做的选择，从交通决策到谈话或商业决策，都是在潜意识中考虑这个决定可能会如何影响我们生活中的其他人，即使这些人是完全陌生的。从另一个角度来看，孤独的生活对我们群居物种的个体来说是一种难以想象的恐怖。然而，对于许多动物物种来说，独居生活是常态，同种动物只有在领土或资源的侵略性相互作用中才会接触，或者交配。“适者生存”“人各为己”这些想法在我们的文化中有自私和消极的含义，但却是许多哺乳动物物种的行为准则。这就引出了一个问题，如果自我推销而不是亲和行为如此普遍，那么为什么，以及如何，促进社会互动而不是战斗和交配的行为会进化？从理论上讲，生活在一个社会群体中的好处是显而易见的;只需重读本章的前几句话。群体生活是一种存在于许多物种中的社会组织水平，它要求个体至少容忍群体中同种之间的密切接触，最多以亲社会的方式行事，也就是说，以促进社会接触和个体之间的联系的方式行事。在哺乳动物群体生活的许多情况下，个体是一个大家庭的相关成员，因此亲社会行为在进化上是有意义的。但我们在本章中的兴趣是深入研究社会组织的一个层次，它远远超出了社会性光谱中的家庭亲社会行为：一夫一妻制。一夫一妻制可以有许多不同的形式，从严格的遗传一夫一妻制，其中男性和女性配对交配和生育只与对方，社会一夫一妻制，其中男性和女性共享领土，交配，并照顾后代，但有时也可能参与额外的配对交配。在任何一种情况下，不相关的成年同种会更喜欢花时间在一起，发展一种依恋，成为“纽带”。与超过90%的哺乳动物物种不同，那些表现出“一夫一妻制”交配策略的物种会发展出一种
“Safety in numbers.”“Pack mentality.”“All for one and one for all.” Our language is full of phrases like these, expressing the almost instinctual human understanding of the benefit of being social. We would argue that the majority of the 6.7 billion people in our collective human society do not realize that the socially motivated nature of our behavior is not the default way of life for many other species. Our high degree of sociality seems so natural to us that we are unaware that it is a rarity in the animal world. We are surrounded by other individuals and depend on them for the goods and services we need for our survival. We cooperate with others and even exhibit altruistic behavior. The choices we make every day, from traffic decisions to those made in conversations or in business, are all made with a subconscious consideration for how that decision might affect other people in our lives, even if those people are complete strangers. To look at it another way, a life of solitude is an unimaginable horror for an individual of our gregarious species. However, for many animal species, a solitary life is the norm, and conspecifics only come into contact in aggressive interactions over territory or resources, or to mate.“Survival of the fittest.”“Every man for himself.” These ideas have a selfish and negative connotation in our culture but are the behavioral rule for many mammalian species. This begs the question, if self-promoting rather than affiliative behaviors are so prevalent, then why, and how, would behaviors that facilitate social interactions beyond fighting and mating ever evolve? In theory, the benefit of living in a social group is obvious; simply reread the first few words of this chapter. Group living, a level of social organization that is found in many species, requires that individuals at the very least tolerate close contact between conspecifics in the group, and at the very most behave in a prosocial manner, that is to behave in a way that promotes social contact and affiliation between individuals. In many cases of group living among mammals, the individuals are related members of an extended family, so acting prosocially makes sense evolutionarily. But our interest in this chapter is to delve into a level of social organization farther beyond familial prosocial behavior on the spectrum of sociality: monogamy.Monogamy can come in many different forms, ranging from strict genetic monogamy, where the male and female pair to mate and procreate exclusively with each other, to social monogamy, where the male and female share a territory, mate, and take care of the offspring, but also may engage in extra-pair copulations on occasion. In either case, unrelated adult conspecifics will come to prefer to spend time together, to develop an attachment, to be “bonded.” Unlike the case in more than 90% of mammalian species, those exhibiting a “monogamous” mating strategy develop a