The Language of Thinking.
The Language of Thinking.
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思维的语言。
DOI：
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发表时间：
1997
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Perkins
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Shari Tishman;D. Perkins
虽然思考涉及的内容比我们能说的要多得多，但根据Tishman女士和Perkins先生的说法，如果没有思考的语言，我们就很难获得“更多”。什么是第一个，一个词还是一个想法？几个世纪以来，思维和语言之间的关系一直困扰着学者和艺术家。艾米丽·狄金森预见到了列夫·维果茨基的观点，即思想不仅是用文字表达的，而且是通过文字而存在的，她采取了这样的立场：有人说，当一个词被说出时，它就死了。我说，它只是开始生活的那一天。(1)语言和思想是相互依存的。我们可以在一个有趣的领域来考察这种情况是如何发生的，那就是我们用来谈论思想的特殊类别的词--用来谈论导致思想产品（如观念和理论）的思维过程的词。什么是“思维的语言”--它的词汇是什么，它的目的是什么，它是如何工作的，它在人类发展和教育中扮演什么角色？我们希望通过探索我们谈论思想的各种方式，并通过观察思维的语言如何通过塑造和调节概念发展来使思维“开始生活”，来阐明这些问题。借用艾米丽·狄金森的话来说。什么是思维的语言？思维的语言包含了我们描述自己和他人的心理状态和心理过程的多种方式。例如，当我们谈论发展一个理论、检验一个主张、做出一个决定或创作一件艺术品的思维过程时，我们使用思维语言。当我们描述别人的心理状态时，我们使用思维语言，比如说：朱莉娅认为每个人都应该投票;胡安认为会下雪;马丁得出结论说他不喜欢木瓜;我怀疑你说的是实话。英语中有大量细致入微的术语来描述思维。例如，考虑单词guess，suppose，surprise，assume和speculate。所有这些问题都涉及在非决定性证据的基础上形成意见。与此同时，每个术语都暗示了证据与意见之间关系的微妙但重要的差异。再举一个例子，考虑一下单词沉思，反刍，反思和思考。这些术语中的每一个都描述了一种缓慢而深刻的大脑活动，但每一个都有自己独特的含义。思维的词汇可以大致分为三种不同的功能：（1）标志认识立场的术语;（2）描述智力过程的术语;（3）描述智力产品的术语。认识立场术语表示对知识主张的立场或态度。例子包括这样的术语，如猜想，总结，相信，确认，怀疑，知道，建议，推测，怀疑和理论化。要了解这些术语如何作为立场指示器，请考虑“蚱蜢的梦想是彩色的”和以下句子。* 我相信蚱蜢的梦是彩色的。* 我已经证实蚱蜢做梦是有颜色的。* 我怀疑蚱蜢的梦是彩色的。* 我确信蚱蜢的梦是彩色的。每一个句子都对这个主张的真实性采取了完全不同的立场。正是立场标记提供了关于如何采取主张的基本信息。认识立场术语通过表征思想与事实的关系而起作用。智力过程术语描述了思维的过程，表达了它的流程、结构和感觉。智力过程术语包括分析、沉思、辨别、解释、调查、思考、检查和选择等词，仅举几例。智力过程术语的独特之处在于，它们区分不同的思维方式。说一个人正在思考某事，与说一个人正在分析、回顾、考虑或调查某事相比，是以完全不同的方式来描述一个人的思维。…
Although thinking involves much more than we can say, we would have far less access to that "more" without the language of thinking, according to Ms. Tishman and Mr. Perkins. What comes first, a word or a thought? The relationship between thinking and language has intrigued scholars and artists for centuries. Anticipating Lev Vygotsky's view that thought is not only expressed in words but comes into existence through them, Emily Dickinson took this stand: A word is dead When it is said, Some say. I say it just Begins to live That day.(1) Words and thoughts live through each other. One interesting realm in which to examine how this happens is that of the special class of words we have for talking about thought - words for talking about the thinking processes that lead to products of thought such as ideas and theories. What is this "language of thinking" - what is its lexicon, what is it for, how does it work, and what role does it play in human development and education? We hope to shed some light on these questions by exploring the various ways we talk about thought and by looking at how, to borrow Emily Dickinson's phrase, the language of thinking makes thinking "begin to live" by shaping and regulating conceptual development. What Is the Language of Thinking? The language of thinking embraces the many ways we describe our own and others' mental states and mental processes. For example, we use the language of thinking when we talk about the thinking processes involved in developing a theory, examining a claim, making a decision, or creating a work of art. We use the language of thinking when we characterize others' mental states by saying things like: Julia believes that everyone should vote; Juan thinks that it will snow; Martin concluded that he doesn't like papayas; I suspect that you're telling the truth. The English language has a remarkable number of finely nuanced terms for describing thinking. For example, consider the words guess, suppose, surmise, assume, and speculate. All of them concern forming an opinion based on inconclusive evidence. At the same time, each term suggests a subtle but important difference in the relationship of evidence to opinion. For another example, consider the words contemplate, ruminate, reflect, and ponder. Each of these terms describes a form of slow and deep cerebration, yet each carries its own distinct meaning. The vocabulary of thinking can be roughly divided into terms that fill three different functions: terms that mark an epistemic stance,(2) terms that describe an intellectual process, and terms that describe an intellectual product. Epistemic-stance terms indicate a stance or attitude toward a claim to knowledge. Examples include such terms as conjecture, conclude, believe, confirm, doubt, know, suggest, speculate, suspect, and theorize. To see how these terms function as stance indicators, consider the claim "Grasshoppers dream in color" and the following sentences. * I believe that grasshoppers dream in color. * I have confirmed that grasshoppers dream in color. * I suspect that grasshoppers dream in color. * I am certain that grasshoppers dream in color. Each of these sentences takes a quite different stance toward the truth of the claim. And it is the stance markers that provide essential information about how the claim should be taken. Epistemic-stance terms function by characterizing the relationship of thought to fact. Intellectual-process terms characterize the process of thinking and express its flow, structure, and feel. Intellectual-process terms include such words as analyze, contemplate, discern, interpret, investigate, ponder, examine, and recollect, to name but a few. What is distinctive about intellectual-process terms is that they discriminate among ways of thinking. To say that one is pondering something is to characterize one's thinking in quite a different way than to say that one is analyzing, reviewing, considering, or investigating something. …