The Handbook of Stress - Neuropsychological Effects on the Brain
The Handbook of Stress - Neuropsychological Effects on the Brain
复制标题
压力手册 - 对大脑的神经心理影响
DOI：
10.1002/9781118083222.ch5
复制
发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Reul J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Reul J
哺乳动物机体对应激事件的反应是高度复杂和多样的。在人类中，心理或情感压力事件的例子是家庭纠纷，攻击或被解雇的情况，而在（其他）动物中，捕食者的攻击就是一个例子。对这些事件的所谓应激反应涉及自主神经和神经内分泌的变化，其目的是适应直接的生理需要并支持生物体的适应性行为反应。这些反应的总体目标是应对威胁，并为生物体未来的复发做好准备。急性和长期适应对于生存和保持健康至关重要。大脑在协调这些对压力事件的反应方面起着重要作用。此外，作为一种重要的准备手段，如果事件在未来再次发生，大脑参与形成所经历事件的情景记忆。长期以来的观察表明，对情绪紧张事件的记忆是强烈的，而且往往会持续一生。这种记忆是由边缘系统（如杏仁核、海马体）和新皮层区域之间复杂的相互作用建立起来的。杏仁核处理事件的情感方面，而海马体则参与事件的情景（上下文）记忆的存储。这两种边缘结构在应激反应的组织中起着重要作用。糖皮质激素作为神经内分泌对应激事件的反应的一部分而释放，在增强这种记忆的形成中起着关键作用。因此，糖皮质激素发挥作用，不仅在期间和短期内，
The response of mammalian organisms to a stressful event is highly complex and manifold. In people, examples of psychologically or emotionally stressful events would be situations of domestic dispute, assault, or being fired from a job, whereas in (other) animals an attack by a predator would be an example. The so-called stress response to such events involves autonomic and neuroendocrine changes which are aimed to accommodate the immediate physiological needs and to support adaptive behavioral responses of the organism. The overall aim of these responses is to cope with the threat and to prepare the organism for future recurrences. Both the acute and long-term adaptations are vital for survival and to stay healthy. The brain plays a major role in the coordination of these responses to a stressful event. Furthermore, as an important means to be prepared if events reoccur in the future, the brain engages in the formation of episodic memories of the endured event. It is a longstanding observation that memories of emotionally stressful events are strong and often last for a life time. Such memories are established by a complex interplay between parts of the limbic system (eg, amygdala, hippocampus) and regions of the neocortex. The amygdala processes the emotional aspects of the event, whereas the hippocampus is involved in the storage of episodic (contextual) memories of the event. Both limbic structures play major roles in the organization of the stress response. Glucocorticoid hormones which are released as part of the neuroendocrine response to the stressful event play a critical role in enhancing the formation of such memories. Thus, glucocorticoids exert actions not only during and shortly