An ecological overview on the factors that drives to Trypanosoma cruzi oral transmission
An ecological overview on the factors that drives to Trypanosoma cruzi oral transmission
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DOI：
10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.06.004
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发表时间：
2015-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Gonzalez, Oscar Noya
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Alarcon de Noya, Belkisyole;Gonzalez, Oscar Noya
美洲锥虫是美洲大陆少数几种本土寄生虫之一。克氏锥虫是一种人畜共患病，可感染哺乳动物25科180余种。它的常规传播是通过锥虫，锥虫可以通过皮肤途径（哺乳动物的皮肤被其粪便污染）或通过口服途径（摄入被完整的锥虫或其粪便污染的食物）以及另外通过造血途径（先天性和输血）和组织（移植）容易地传播寄生虫。口服途径似乎是向野生和家养哺乳动物传播的祖先形式，在使用残留杀虫剂成功控制家栖病媒之后，最近变得更加重要。自1967年首次诊断以来，已诊断出数十起口腔暴发，主要发生在巴西亚马逊地区，随后在南美洲其他四个国家发生。由于人类对林地的入侵和砍伐，造成环境失衡，导致作为锥蝽食物来源的哺乳动物的生物多样性减少，影响了锥蝽的“稀释效应”。大自然中的克氏杆菌增加了人类感染的风险。另一方面，锥蝽侵入房屋寻找新的血液来源。锥虫病的后果之一是食物污染的传播，特别是在家庭自制的果汁中，这是大多数口腔暴发的感染源。其他生物和非生物因素有助于解释最近美洲锥虫病口服传播爆发的增加，分布在9个生态区。(C)2015 Elsevier B.V.版权所有。
American trypanosomiasis is one of the few native parasites of this continent. As a zoonosis, Trypanosoma cruzi infects about 180 species out of 25 families of mammals. Its regular transmission is through triatomines, which can easily transmit parasites either by the skin route (contamination of mammals skin with their feces) or by oral route (ingestion of food contaminated with complete triatomines or their feces) and additionally through haematogenous via (congenital and transfusional) and by tissues (transplants). The oral route, which seems to be the ancestral form of transmission to wild and domestic mammals, has recently become more important after the success achieved in the control of domicile vectors using residual pesticides. From its initial diagnosis in 1967, tens of oral outbreaks have been diagnosed mostly in the Brazilian Amazon and subsequently in other four countries in South America. Environmental imbalance caused by man through the invasion and deforestation of woodlands, results in reduction of biodiversity of mammals as food source for triatomines, affecting the "dilution effect" of T. cruzi in the nature increasing the risk of human infection. On the other hand, triatomines invade houses looking for new blood sources. One of the consequences of domiciliated triatomines is the food contamination spread, especially in home-made juices, which has been the source of infection of most oral outbreaks. Other biotic and abiotic factors help to explain the recent increase of oral transmission outbreaks of Chagas disease, distributed in nine eco-regions of America. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.