Rapid growth of industrial nitrogen fluxes in China: Driving forces and consequences
Rapid growth of industrial nitrogen fluxes in China: Driving forces and consequences
复制标题
中国工业氮通量快速增长：驱动力和后果
DOI：
10.1007/s11430-012-4556-3
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发表时间：
2013-04-01
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Chang Jie
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gu BaoJing;Yang GuoFu;Chang Jie
人类活动正在通过增加输入、N物种多样性和工业活性N（Nr）库的大小来强烈地改变全球N（N）循环。然而，通量，归宿和环境后果的工业氮（不包括合成氮肥）仍然知之甚少，量化。在过去的30年里，中国工业氮通量增长了13.4倍，到2008年达到3.7Tg N（1 Tg = 1012 g），占中国食品氮通量的50%以上。社会经济发展（人均GDP，城市化和家庭规模）显着驱动工业Nr通量的增长。这就导致了工业净资产的“热点”，主要是在相对发达的中国东部地区。生产过程中的工业氮损失率仅为5%，远低于农田（50%）和牲畜（80%）。然而，工业Nr损失是点源污染，Nr的集中释放在小区域内会产生严重的风险。结构氮对寿命超过一年的工业总氮的贡献（例如，合成纤维、塑料）从1980年的20%增加到2008年的70%。2008年，人类住区积累了约2.6 Tg N的结构性工业Nr，这可能是人为Nr输入（主要是Haber-Bosch固氮）的未知Nr汇的一种解释。结构性氮积累所造成的遗产效应对环境和人类健康具有长期影响，尽管结构性氮延迟了氮释放并减少了短期氮污染。氮的工业利用导致了现代全球氮地球化学的新特征，如增加了氮的物种多样性，降低了氮的周转率。未来的地球系统动力学模拟应包括工业核反应堆。明确考虑和核算工业氮的通量和环境后果，将为决策者提供一个新的观点，区域可持续发展。
Human activities are strongly modifying the global nitrogen (N) cycle through increasing input, N species diversity, and pool size of industrial reactive N (Nr). However, the fluxes, fates and environmental consequences of industrial Nr (excluding synthesized N fertilizer) remain poorly understood and quantified. We report here that industrial Nr flux has increased 13.4-fold over the past 30 years in China, reaching 3.7 Tg N (1 Tg = 1012g) in 2008, accounting for over 50% of China’s food Nr flux. Socioeconomic development (per capita GDP, urbanization and household size) significantly drives the growth of industrial Nr fluxes. This leads to “hotspots” of industrial Nr, mainly in relatively developed Eastern China. Industrial Nr loss rate during production is only 5%, much lower than that of cropland (50%) and livestock (80%). However, industrial Nr loss is point source pollution, and Nr release in concentrated doses produces serious risk in small regions. The contribution of structural N to total industrial Nr with a lifespan longer than one year (e.g., synthetic fiber, plastic) increased from 20% in 1980 to 70% in 2008. There was about 2.6 Tg N structural industrial Nr accumulated in human settlements in 2008, which could be one explanation of an unknown Nr sink of anthropogenic Nr input (mainly Haber-Bosch N fixation). Legacy effects caused by structural N accumulation have long-term consequences for environmental and human health, although structural N delays Nr release and reduces short-term Nr pollution. Industrial Nr use generates new features of modern global N biogeochemistry, such as increasing Nr species diversity, reducing Nr turnover rate. Future dynamics simulation of the earth system should involve industrial Nr. Explicit consideration and accounting of the fluxes and environmental consequences of industrial Nr would provide decision-makers a novel view of regional sustainable development.