Effectiveness and efficiency of two distinct mechanisms for take-off in a derbid planthopper insect
Effectiveness and efficiency of two distinct mechanisms for take-off in a derbid planthopper insect
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DOI：
10.1242/jeb.191494
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发表时间：
2019-01-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Sane, Sanjay P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Burrows, Malcolm;Ghosh, Abin;Sane, Sanjay P.
从高速视频中起飞的运动学分析的稻飞虱Proutista moesta（半翅目，Fulgoroidea，家庭Derbidae）表明，这些昆虫使用两种不同的机制，涉及不同的附属物。第一个是快速起飞（106起飞的11只昆虫的55.7%）由两条后腿的同步运动推动，没有翅膀的参与。物体在1 ms或更短的时间内加速到平均起飞速度1.7 m s（-1），同时经历超过150倍重力的平均力。腿部肌肉所需要的力量，涉及到一种力量放大机制。这样的起飞推动昆虫沿着其轨迹的平均距离为7.9毫米，在起飞后的第一个5毫秒。第二个和较慢的起飞机制（44.3%的起飞）是由翅膀的拍打运动单独提供动力，没有明显的贡献，从后腿。由此产生的平均加速时间为17.3 ms，平均最终速度为0.27 m s（-1），平均加速时间降低了16倍，平均最终速度降低了6倍，g力降低了80倍，起飞后5 ms内移动的距离缩短了7倍。通过直接肌肉收缩可以很容易地满足功率要求。结果表明，这两种机制服务于不同的行为动作的一个可检验的假设：快速起飞可以使逃脱捕食者和缓慢起飞，施加低得多的地面反作用力可以使起飞从更灵活的基板，同时也取代昆虫在一个较慢的和更可控的轨迹。
Analysis of the kinematics of take-off in the planthopper Proutista moesta (Hemiptera, Fulgoroidea, family Derbidae) from high-speed videos showed that these insects used two distinct mechanisms involving different appendages. The first was a fast take-off (55.7% of 106 take-offs by 11 insects) propelled by a synchronised movement of the two hind legs and without participation of the wings. The body was accelerated in 1 ms or less to a mean take-off velocity of 1.7 m s(-1) while experiencing average forces of more than 150 times gravity. The power required from the leg muscles implicated a power-amplification mechanism. Such take-offs propelled the insect along its trajectory a mean distance of 7.9 mm in the first 5 ms after take-off. The second and slower take-off mechanism (44.3% of take-offs) was powered by beating movements of the wings alone, with no discernible contribution from the hind legs. The resulting mean acceleration time was 16 times slower at 17.3 ms, the mean final velocity was six times lower at 0.27 m s(-1), the g forces experienced were 80 times lower and the distance moved in 5 ms after take-off was 7 times shorter. The power requirements could be readily met by direct muscle contraction. The results suggest a testable hypothesis that the two mechanisms serve distinct behavioural actions: the fast take-offs could enable escape from predators and the slow take-offs that exert much lower ground reaction forces could enable take-off from more flexible substrates while also displacing the insect in a slower and more controllable trajectory.