MECHANICAL WORK IN TERRESTRIAL LOCOMOTION - 2 BASIC MECHANISMS FOR MINIMIZING ENERGY-EXPENDITURE
MECHANICAL WORK IN TERRESTRIAL LOCOMOTION - 2 BASIC MECHANISMS FOR MINIMIZING ENERGY-EXPENDITURE
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DOI：
10.1152/ajpregu.1977.233.5.r243
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发表时间：
1977-01-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
TAYLOR, CR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
CAVAGNA, GA;HEGLUND, NC;TAYLOR, CR
在两足动物（火鸡和火鸡）、四足动物（狗、短尾猕猴和公羊）和跳跃动物（袋鼠和短跑运动员）的运动过程中，测量了每一步提升和再加速（向前方向）以及质心所做的功。在所有动物中（如人类），行走涉及每一步中重力势能和动能之间的交替传递（如钟摆中发生的那样）。这种转移在中等步行速度下最大，可以占一步内发生的总能量变化的70%，只剩下30%由肌肉提供。在奔跑、跳跃和小跑的过程中，没有动力学-重力能量转移，但是能量通过另一种机制保存：身体的弹性“反弹”。奔跑的动物利用这两种节能机制的组合。在奔跑、小跑、跳跃和疾驰过程中，1）维持质心前进速度所需的单位重量功率在所有研究的物种中几乎相同; 2）提升质心所需的单位重量功率几乎与速度无关; 3）这两种功率之和几乎是速度的线性函数。
The work done during each step to lift and to reaccelerate (in the forward direction) and center of mass has been measured during locomotion in bipeds (rhea and turkey), quadrupeds (dogs, stump-tailed macaques, and ram), and hoppers (kangaroo and springhare). Walking, in all animals (as in man), involves an alternate transfer between gravitational-potential energy and kinetic energy within each stride (as takes place in a pendulum). This transfer is greatest at intermediate walking speeds and can account for up to 70% of the total energy changes taking place within a stride, leaving only 30% to be supplied by muscles. No kinetic-gravitational energy transfer takes place during running, hopping, and trotting, but energy is conserved by another mechanism: an elastic “bounce” of the body. Galloping animals utilize a combination of these two energy-conserving mechanisms. During running, trotting, hopping, and galloping, 1) the power per unit weight required to maintain the forward speed of the center of mass is almost the same in all the species studied; 2) the power per unit weight required to lift the center of mass is almost independent of speed; and 3) the sum of these two powers is almost a linear function of speed.