FACTORS RELEVANT TO THE VALIDITY OF EXPERIEMENTS IN SOCIAL SETTINGS
FACTORS RELEVANT TO THE VALIDITY OF EXPERIEMENTS IN SOCIAL SETTINGS
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DOI：
10.1037/h0040950
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发表时间：
1957-01-01
影响因子：
22.4
通讯作者：
CAMPBELL, DT
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
CAMPBELL, DT
本章试图规范的主要类别的无关变量，并采用这些类别的有效性评估标准设计的实验在社会科学。在分析三个预实验设计的过程中，引入了影响内部效度的外部变量。在随后的三个真实的实验设计的适用性评价，导致外部无效的因素进行了介绍。在分析社会环境的实验设计试图控制的外部变量时，区分了七个类别：历史、成熟、测试、工具衰退、回归、选择和死亡。一般来说，这些变量的简单或主要影响会危及实验的内部效度，并在标准实验设计中得到充分控制。这些变量和实验安排的交互作用影响实验结果的可推广性的外部效度。标准实验设计对这些相互作用的敏感性各不相同。
This chapter attempts a specification of the major categories of extraneous variables and employs these categories in evaluating the validity of standard designs for experimentation in the social sciences. The extraneous variables affecting internal validity are introduced in the process of analyzing three pre-experimental designs. In the subsequent evaluation of the applicability of three true experimental designs, factors leading to external invalidity are introduced. In analyzing the extraneous variables which experimental designs for social settings seek to control, seven categories have been distinguished: history, maturation, testing, instrument decay, regression, selection, and mortality. In general, the simple or main effects of these variables jeopardize the internal validity of the experiment and are adequately controlled in standard experimental designs. The interactive effects of these variables and of experimental arrangements affect the external validity of generalizability of experimental results. Standard experimental designs vary in their susceptibility to these interactive effects.