The Analysis of Social Networks
The Analysis of Social Networks
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DOI：
10.4135/9781848608184.n22
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发表时间：
2002
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Breiger;R. Breiger
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Breiger;R. Breiger
这份文件包含了一个章节的接近最终稿的摘录，该章节现在出版为“行为者之间的社会关系研究-无论是个人还是其他物种的动物，小团体还是经济组织，职业或社会阶层，国家还是世界军事联盟-是社会科学的基础。社会网络分析可以被定义为对社会行动者之间关系的模式化进行有纪律的调查，以及在不同分析层次上的行动者（如个人和群体）之间关系的模式化。在介绍了社交网络研究中的数据分析问题和网络表征的基本形式之后，本章的主要标题下讨论了三个广泛的主题：等价类型、统计模型（强调一类新的网络逻辑回归模型）以及文化和认知。每一部分都强调了社交网络的典型研究中使用的数据分析策略。本章的附录简要介绍了计算机程序和相关问题。从隐喻到数据分析长期以来，网络隐喻对社会思想家和社会科学家有着巨大的直观吸引力。马克思（[1857] 1956：96）认为，“社会不仅仅是个人的集合，它是这些个人相互之间的关系的总和。涂尔干在他的拉丁文论文中，将他对社会形态学的兴趣追溯到18世纪思想家蒙特斯凯，蒙特斯凯确定了各种社会类型，如君主制、贵族制和共和制，“不是根据劳动分工或社会联系的性质，而是完全根据主权权威的性质，涂尔干接着批评这一策略，认为它没有看到“本质不在于服从同一权威的人数，而在于受某种形式关系约束的人数“（涂尔干[1892] 1965：32，38）。以格奥尔格·齐美尔为中心的德国“正规学校”作家利奥波德·冯·维泽要求他的读者想象一下，如果“不断流动的人与人之间的活动之流”在其过程中停止片刻，会看到什么，并建议“然后我们将看到这是一个显然无法穿透的人与人之间的线条网络;“此外，“对人与人之间的意志范围的静态分析...在于肢解和重建这一宣布的必要性，一个“社会”。
This document contains excerpts from a close-to-final draft of a chapter now published as Study of social relationships among actors—whether individual human beings or animals of other species, small groups or economic organizations, occupations or social classes, nations or world military alliances—is fundamental to the social sciences. Social network analysis may be defined as the disciplined inquiry into the patterning of relations among social actors, as well as the patterning of relationships among actors at different levels of analysis (such as persons and groups). Following an introduction to data analysis issues in social networks research and to the basic forms of network representation, three broad topics are treated under this chapter's main headings: types of equivalence, statistical models (emphasizing a new class of logistic regression models for networks), and culture and cognition. Each section emphasizes data-analytic strategies used in exemplary research studies of social networks. An appendix to the chapter briefly treats computer programs and related issues. From Metaphor to Data Analysis Network metaphors have long had great intuitive appeal for social thinkers and social scientists. Marx ([1857] 1956: 96) held that " society is not merely an aggregate of individuals; it is the sum of the relations in which these individuals stand to one another. " Durkheim, in his Latin thesis, traced his interest in social morphology to that of the eighteenth-century thinker Montesqueiu, who had identified various types of society, such as monarchy, aristocracy, and republic " not on the basis of division of labor or the nature of their social ties, but solely according to nature of their sovereign authority, " and Durkheim went on to criticize this strategy as a failure to see " that the essential is not the number of persons subject to the same authority, but the number bound by some form of relationship " (Durkheim [1892] 1965: 32, 38). Leopold von Wiese, a writer within the German " formal school " centered around Georg Simmel, asked his reader to imagine what would be seen if " the constantly flowing stream of interhuman activity " were halted in its course for just one moment, and suggested that " we will then see that it is an apparently impenetrable network of lines between men; " furthermore, " a static analysis of the sphere of the interhuman will ... consist in the dismemberment and reconstruction of this proclaimed the necessity of a " social " …