Dynamic borderlands-The challenge of adapting to hardening borders in Nangarhar and Nimroz.
Dynamic borderlands-The challenge of adapting to hardening borders in Nangarhar and Nimroz.
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动态边界——适应楠格哈尔和尼姆鲁兹日益硬化的边界的挑战。
DOI：
10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103117
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Azizullah Ibrahimkhel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Koehler;G. Rasool;Azizullah Ibrahimkhel
在本文中，我们看看当地的影响，最近的变化，如何在阿富汗两个省，楠格哈尔和尼姆鲁兹，国际边界的管理。在过去十年中，巴基斯坦和伊朗对边境基础设施和监管进行了改革，试图加强国家对官方和非正式货物和人员流动的控制。我们考虑这些决定背后的政治理由，然后看看这些变化对边境地区合法和非法经济活动的影响。本文基于2018年至2020年在楠格哈尔和尼姆鲁兹进行的实地研究。我们发现，减少边界的渗透性以不同的方式影响到邻近的阿富汗边境地区的生活。在尼姆鲁兹，边界两侧传统上相互交织的俾路支社区之间存在的非正规地方经济正受到新兴城镇动态、外部土地征用和外国有选择地控制边界的排挤。边境执法的影响是直接和巨大的，破坏了边境社区的生存经济，加速了人口变化。在楠格哈尔，我们发现了一个更加多样化和适应性更强的地方跨境经济，有利用官方和非正式边境口岸进行合法和非法商品贸易的历史。然而，巴基斯坦方面采取的措施导致非正规贸易发生变化，竞争模式和对最有利可图的路线和枢纽的控制发生变化。在这两种情况下，非法跨界流动都没有停止，但其性质发生了变化，从更广泛的横向活动转变为利用较少贸易中心和走廊的专业和等级活动。毒品交易并不特别暴力或具有破坏性，但它是商品市场的一部分，嵌入了由地方政治企业家及其网络主导的更广泛、往往是暴力的政治经济。
In this paper we look at local effects of recent changes in how the international borders of two Afghan provinces, Nangarhar and Nimroz, are governed. Over the past decade Pakistan and Iran introduced changes to border infrastructure and regulation in an attempt to increase state control over both official and informal flows of goods and people. We consider the political rationale behind these decisions, then look at the consequences these changes have had on licit as well as illicit economic activities in the border region. The paper builds on field research conducted in Nangarhar and Nimroz from 2018 to 2020. We find that reducing the permeability of the border has affected life in the neighbouring Afghan borderlands in different ways. In Nimroz, an informal local economy existing between historically interwoven Baluch communities on all sides of the border is being crowded out by boom-town dynamics, external land acquisition and selective control of the border by foreign states. The impact of border enforcement is direct and drastic, damaging the survival economy of border communities and accelerating demographic change. In Nangarhar, we find a more diverse and adaptive local cross-border economy, with a history of utilising both official and informal border crossings for trade in licit and illicit commodities. However, measures taken on the Pakistani side have led to shifts in informal trade, and changes to patterns of competition and control over the most lucrative routes and hubs. In both cases, illicit cross-border flows did not cease, but they changed in character from more broadly accessible horizontal activities to professional and hierarchical activities using fewer trading hubs and corridors. The drug trade is not exceptionally violent or disruptive, but is part of a commodity market embedded in a wider, often violent, political economy dominated by local political entrepreneurs and their networks.
空间化政治解决方案
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2018
期刊：
An International Review of Peace Initiatives
影响因子：
--
作者：
Goodhand, J
通讯作者：
Goodhand, J