Emerging perspectives in the research of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis
Emerging perspectives in the research of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis
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DOI：
10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.032
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发表时间：
2011-08-04
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Noh, Susan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Suarez, Carlos E.;Noh, Susan
牛巴伯氏菌和B.顶复二联原虫与边缘无浆立克次体（RickettsiaAnaplasmacmarginale）一起是红细胞内病原体，其导致全世界牛的最普遍和代价最高的蜱传播疾病（TBD）。这些生物体在历史上是相关的，因为它们可以在牛中引起临床相关的溶血性疾病，都是由Rhiphicephallus（Boophilus）蜱传播的，并且具有逃避脊椎动物宿主免疫系统的神秘能力，导致持续性疾病。此外，通过将蜱控制和接种减毒活生物体相结合，可以非常有效地预防急性巴贝斯虫病和无形体病。然而，这些控制方法有许多限制，需要改进的方法。重要的是，用灭活的实验性巴氏杆菌和无形体疫苗免疫牛可以引起不同程度的保护，表明开发灭活疫苗或亚单位疫苗的可行性。一个新的研究工具箱，其中包括全基因组测序结合改进的能力，以遗传修饰的生物体正在提高我们的了解他们的生物学。一个新兴的范例是使用最近开发的巴氏杆菌和无形体转染方法的功能基因表征和疫苗开发。最近鉴定的有希望的亚单位疫苗候选物也正在出现，包括巴贝斯虫蛋白酶、推定的棒状体、微线体和有性阶段抗原，以及亚显性的、保守的、A.边缘外膜主要表面蛋白。然而，在涉及细胞入侵、粘附、无性和有性生殖、蜱传播和逃避免疫系统的关键寄生虫分子的作用方面，仍然存在重大的知识空白。更好地了解这些生物体的生物学和保护性免疫反应将积极有助于实现开发针对这些难以捉摸的病原体的改进的免疫学和药理学干预措施的目标，这些病原体是造成牛最具破坏性的TBD的原因。重要的是，目前可用的研究工具箱提供了基本的研究工具，有助于缩小目前的知识差距，这将有助于设计和生产有效的疫苗和替代药物干预措施。由爱思唯尔公司出版
The Babesia bovis and B. bigemina apicomplexan protozoa in conjunction with the rickettsia Anaplasma marginale are intraerythrocytic pathogens that are responsible for the most prevalent and costly tick borne diseases (TBD's) of cattle worldwide. These organisms are historically associated as they can cause clinically related hemolytic diseases in cattle, are all transmitted by Rhiphicephallus (Boophilus) ticks, and share an uncanny ability to evade the immune systems of the vertebrate hosts, causing persistent disease. In addition, acute babesiosis and anaplasmosis can be prevented quite effectively by combining tick control and vaccination with living attenuated organisms. However these methods of control have numerous limitations and improved approaches are needed. Importantly, immunizations of cattle with inactivated experimental Babesia and Anaplasma vaccines can elicit variable degrees of protection, indicating the feasibility for the development of inactivated or subunit vaccines. A new research toolbox that includes full genome sequencing combined with the improved ability to genetically modify the organisms is enhancing our understanding of their biology. An emerging paradigm is the use of recently developed Babesia and Anaplasma transfection methods for functional gene characterizations and for vaccine development. Promising recently identified subunit vaccine candidates are also emerging, including babesial proteases, putative rhoptry, microneme, and sexual stage antigens, as well as subdominant, conserved, A. marginale outer membrane major surface proteins. However, significant knowledge gaps on the role of key parasite molecules involved in cell invasion, adhesion, asexual and sexual reproduction, tick transmission, and evasion of the immune system, remain. A better understanding of the biology of these organisms and the protective immune responses will positively contribute toward the goal of developing improved immunological and pharmacological interventions against these elusive pathogens that are responsible for the most devastating TBD's of cattle. Importantly, the currently available research toolbox provides basic research instruments for helping close current knowledge gaps which will aid the design and production of effective vaccines and alternative pharmacological interventions. Published by Elsevier B.V.