Experimental evidence for adaptive personalities in a wild passerine bird
Experimental evidence for adaptive personalities in a wild passerine bird
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野生雀形目鸟类适应性人格的实验证据
DOI：
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发表时间：
2012
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通讯作者：
N. Dingemanse
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作者：
M. Nicolaus;J. Tinbergen;K. Bouwman;S. Michler;R. Ubels;C. Both;B. Kempenaers;N. Dingemanse
同一物种的个体在危险行为上总是不同的。这种“动物性格”的变化很耐人寻味，因为行为灵活性通常被认为是常态。最近的理论预测，如果个人对未来健康的期望不同，那么个体之间冒险倾向的差异应该会演变：长期健康预期较高的个人(即有很多损失)的个人应该一贯表现得比期望较低的人更谨慎。因此，对未来健康预期的任何操纵都应该导致个体内部危险行为的变化，朝着这一适应性理论预测的方向发展。我们测试了这一预测，并通过实验证实，个人确实会根据未来的健康预期调整他们的“探索行为”，这是冒险行为的代表。对于野生大山雀(Parus Major)，我们表明，与存活概率增加的个体相比，存活概率降低的个体成为更快的探险者(即增加冒险行为)。我们还利用数量遗传学方法表明，非遗传效应(即永久性环境效应)是该物种适应性人格变异的基础。因此，这项研究证实了基于生活历史权衡的适应性人格理论的一个关键预测，并暗示在个人未来健康预期不同的情况下，选择确实可能有利于人格的演变。
Individuals of the same species differ consistently in risky actions. Such ‘animal personality’ variation is intriguing because behavioural flexibility is often assumed to be the norm. Recent theory predicts that between-individual differences in propensity to take risks should evolve if individuals differ in future fitness expectations: individuals with high long-term fitness expectations (i.e. that have much to lose) should behave consistently more cautious than individuals with lower expectations. Consequently, any manipulation of future fitness expectations should result in within-individual changes in risky behaviour in the direction predicted by this adaptive theory. We tested this prediction and confirmed experimentally that individuals indeed adjust their ‘exploration behaviour’, a proxy for risk-taking behaviour, to their future fitness expectations. We show for wild great tits (Parus major) that individuals with experimentally decreased survival probability become faster explorers (i.e. increase risk-taking behaviour) compared to individuals with increased survival probability. We also show, using quantitative genetics approaches, that non-genetic effects (i.e. permanent environment effects) underpin adaptive personality variation in this species. This study thereby confirms a key prediction of adaptive personality theory based on life-history trade-offs, and implies that selection may indeed favour the evolution of personalities in situations where individuals differ in future fitness expectations.