Biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. 1. Technical basis
Biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. 1. Technical basis
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DOI：
10.1002/etc.5620201034
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发表时间：
2001-10-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Santore, RC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Di Toro, DM;Allen, HE;Santore, RC
水生生物急性金属毒性的生物配体模型（BLM）是基于当金属-生物配体络合物达到临界浓度时发生死亡的想法。对于鱼类，已知或怀疑生物配体是鳃表面的钠或钙通道蛋白，其调节血液的离子组成。对于其他生物体，假设存在生物配体，并且可以以类似的方式模拟死亡率。生物配体与溶液中的金属阳离子相互作用。结合的金属量取决于生物配体与其他水性配体（特别是溶解的有机物（DOM））之间对金属离子的竞争，以及有毒金属离子与溶液中其他金属阳离子之间对生物配体的竞争。例如钙。该模型是自由离子活性模型的推广，该模型将毒性与二价金属阳离子的浓度联系起来。不同的是存在竞争性结合的生物配体，其模型的其他金属阳离子的保护作用，和pH值的直接影响。该模型是使用温德米尔腐殖酸水模型（WHAM）模型的金属-DOM络合。它适用于铜和银使用的吉尔络合常数报告R。Playle和同事，初步应用于R. Erickson和J. Diamond的水效应比数据集。使用BLM确定总的最大日负荷（TMDLs）和区域风险评估的概率框架内进行了讨论。乍一看，成功的应用程序似乎需要大量的数据。然而.对数正态概率分布的使用将所需数据减少到可管理的量。
The biotic ligand model (BLM) of acute metal toxicity to aquatic organisms is based on the idea that mortality occurs when the metal-biotic ligand complex reaches a critical concentration. For fish, the biotic ligand is either known or suspected to be the sodium or calcium channel proteins in the gill surface that regulate the ionic composition of the blood. For other organisms, it is hypothesized that a biotic ligand exists and that mortality can be modeled in a similar way. The biotic ligand interacts with the metal cations in solution. The amount of metal that binds is determined by a competition for metal ions between the biotic ligand and the other aqueous ligands, particularly dissolved organic matter (DOM), and the competition for the biotic ligand between the toxic metal ion and the other metal cations in solution. for example, calcium. The model is a generalization of the free ion activity model that relates toxicity to the concentration of the divalent metal cation. The difference is the presence of competitive binding at the biotic ligand, which models the protective effects of other metal cations, and the direct influence of pH. The model is implemented using the Windermere humic aqueous model (WHAM) model of metal-DOM complexation. It is applied to copper and silver using gill complexation constants reported by R. Playle and coworkers, Initial application is made to the fathead minnow data set reported by R. Erickson and a water effects ratio data set by J. Diamond. The use of the BLM for determining total maximum daily loadings (TMDLs) and for regional risk assessments is discussed within a probabilistic framework. At first glance, it appears that a large amount of data are required for a successful application. However. the use of lognormal probability distributions reduces the required data to a manageable amount.