Two-year-old children's sensitivity to a parent's knowledge state when making requests
Two-year-old children's sensitivity to a parent's knowledge state when making requests
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01758.x
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发表时间：
1996-04-01
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
ONeill, DK
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
ONeill, DK
这些研究考察了幼儿在与他们交流时是否考虑了他们的交流伙伴的知识状态。在研究1中，16名2岁的儿童（平均年龄2-7岁）在取回玩具时必须向父母寻求帮助。在每次试验中，首先向一个孩子介绍一个新玩具，然后将其放置在高架子上的两个容器中的一个中。父母要么沿着目睹了这些事件，要么没有目睹，因为她或他离开了房间，或者捂住了眼睛和耳朵。正如所预测的那样，当要求帮助取回玩具时，孩子们更经常地说出玩具的名字，说出它的位置，当父母没有目睹这些事件时，比当她或他看到时，用手势示意它的位置。在第二项研究中，16名2岁的儿童（平均年龄2-3岁）必须向父母寻求帮助，将一张贴纸放入放在桌子远角的两个相同容器中的其中一个中。父母要么和孩子一起沿着见证贴纸被扔进哪个容器，要么因为她或他的眼睛是闭着的而没有。在寻求帮助的请求中，当父母不知道贴纸的位置时，2岁的孩子比父母知道贴纸的位置时更频繁地用手势示意贴纸的位置。这些研究结果的影响，目前的特点2岁儿童的能力，以评估他人的知识进行了讨论。
These studies examined whether toddlers take their communicative partners' knowledge states into account when communicating with them. In Study 1, 16 2-year-old children (mean age 2-7) had to ask a parent for help in retrieving a toy. On each trial, a child was first introduced to a new toy that was then placed in 1 of 2 containers on a high shelf. The parent either witnessed these events along with the child or did not because she or he had left the room or had covered her or his eyes and ears. As predicted, when asking for help in retrieving the toy, children significantly more often named the toy, named its location, and gestured to its location when a parent had not witnessed these events than when she or he had. In Study 2, 16 2-year-old children (mean age 2-3) had to ask a parent for help in retrieving a sticker dropped into 1 of 2 identical containers placed out of reach in the far corners of a table. The parent either witnessed, along with the child, which container the sticker was dropped into or did not because her or his eyes were closed. In their requests for help, young 2-year-old children gestured to the sticker's location significantly more often when the parent did not know its location than when she or he did. The implications of these findings for current characterizations of 2-year-old children's ability to assess the knowledge of others is discussed.