Ongoing GC-biased evolution is widespread in the human genome and enriched near recombination hot spots.
Ongoing GC-biased evolution is widespread in the human genome and enriched near recombination hot spots.
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DOI：
10.1093/gbe/evr058
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发表时间：
2011
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Pollard KS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Katzman S;Capra JA;Haussler D;Pollard KS
许多后生动物基因组的快速进化区域表现出倾向于将弱（A，T）碱基对变为强（G，C）碱基对的替换。单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）不具有这种模式，这表明它是由偏向固定而不是偏向突变引起的。对人类基因组特定区域多态性的分析支持了这一假设，已经确定了弱到强（W→S）SNP与衍生的等位基因频率（SNP）之间的正相关性，表明SNP随着时间的推移变得越来越偏向GC，特别是在高重组区域。利用来自4个人类群体的179个个体的1000个基因组计划产生的多态性数据，我们评估了人类基因组中正在进行的GC偏倚进化的程度和分布。我们通过使用Mann-Whitney U检验比较W→S突变和S→W突变的DAF来量化GC固定偏倚。全基因组范围内，W→S SNP具有比S→W SNP显著更高的DAF。这种模式在人类基因组中广泛存在，但在染色体上的大小沿着变化。我们发现极端GC偏向的进化在附近的重组热点，GC偏差和重组率之间的显着相关性，GC偏差和染色体臂长之间的负相关性。这些发现表明，在整个人类基因组中存在有利于G和C等位基因的持续固定偏倚，并表明该偏倚是由重组相关过程引起的，例如GC偏倚基因转换。
Fast evolving regions of many metazoan genomes show a bias toward substitutions that change weak (A,T) into strong (G,C) base pairs. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) do not share this pattern, suggesting that it results from biased fixation rather than biased mutation. Supporting this hypothesis, analyses of polymorphism in specific regions of the human genome have identified a positive correlation between weak to strong (W→S) SNPs and derived allele frequency (DAF), suggesting that SNPs become increasingly GC biased over time, especially in regions of high recombination. Using polymorphism data generated by the 1000 Genomes Project from 179 individuals from 4 human populations, we evaluated the extent and distribution of ongoing GC-biased evolution in the human genome. We quantified GC fixation bias by comparing the DAFs of W→S mutations and S→W mutations using a Mann–Whitney U test. Genome-wide, W→S SNPs have significantly higher DAFs than S→W SNPs. This pattern is widespread across the human genome but varies in magnitude along the chromosomes. We found extreme GC-biased evolution in neighborhoods of recombination hot spots, a significant correlation between GC bias and recombination rate, and an inverse correlation between GC bias and chromosome arm length. These findings demonstrate the presence of ongoing fixation bias favoring G and C alleles throughout the human genome and suggest that the bias is caused by a recombination-associated process, such as GC-biased gene conversion.
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影响因子：
9.8
作者：
Berglund, Jonas;Pollard, Katherine S.;Webster, Matthew T.
通讯作者：
Webster, Matthew T.
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Frazer, Kelly A.;Ballinger, Dennis G.;Cox, David R.;Hinds, David A.;Stuve, Laura L.;Gibbs, Richard A.;Belmont, John W.;Boudreau, Andrew;Hardenbol, Paul;Leal, Suzanne M.;Pasternak, Shiran;Wheeler, David A.;Willis, Thomas D.;Yu, Fuli;Yang, Huanming;Zeng, Changqing;Gao, Yang;Hu, Haoran;Hu, Weitao;Li, Chaohua;Lin, Wei;Liu, Siqi;Pan, Hao;Tang, Xiaoli;Wang, Jian;Wang, Wei;Yu, Jun;Zhang, Bo;Zhang, Qingrun;Zhao, Hongbin;Zhao, Hui;Zhou, Jun;Gabriel, Stacey B.;Barry, Rachel;Blumenstiel, Brendan;Camargo, Amy;Defelice, Matthew;Faggart, Maura;Goyette, Mary;Gupta, Supriya;Moore, Jamie;Nguyen, Huy;Onofrio, Robert C.;Parkin, Melissa;Roy, Jessica;Stahl, Erich;Winchester, Ellen;Ziaugra, Liuda;Altshuler, David;Shen, Yan;Yao, Zhijian;Huang, Wei;Chu, Xun;He, Yungang;Jin, Li;Liu, Yangfan;Shen, Yayun;Sun, Weiwei;Wang, Haifeng;Wang, Yi;Wang, Ying;Xiong, Xiaoyan;Xu, Liang;Waye, Mary M. Y.;Tsui, Stephen K. W.;Wong, J. Tze-Fei;Galver, Luana M.;Fan, Jian-Bing;Gunderson, Kevin;Murray, Sarah S.;Oliphant, Arnold R.;Chee, Mark S.;Montpetit, Alexandre;Chagnon, Fanny;Ferretti, Vincent;Leboeuf, Martin;Olivier, Jean-Franccois;Phillips, Michael S.;Roumy, Stephanie;Sallee, Clementine;Verner, Andrei;Hudson, Thomas J.;Kwok, Pui-Yan;Cai, Dongmei;Koboldt, Daniel C.;Miller, Raymond D.;Pawlikowska, Ludmila;Taillon-Miller, Patricia;Xiao, Ming;Tsui, Lap-Chee;Mak, William;Song, You Qiang;Tam, Paul K. H.;Nakamura, Yusuke;Kawaguchi, Takahisa;Kitamoto, Takuya;Morizono, Takashi;Nagashima, Atsushi;Ohnishi, Yozo;Sekine, Akihiro;Tanaka, Toshihiro;Tsunoda, Tatsuhiko;Deloukas, Panos;Bird, Christine P.;Delgado, Marcos;Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T.;Gwilliam, Rhian;Hunt, Sarah;Morrison, Jonathan;Powell, Don;Stranger, Barbara E.;Whittaker, Pamela;Bentley, David R.;Daly, Mark J.;de Bakker, Paul I. W.;Barrett, Jeff;Chretien, Yves R.;Maller, Julian;McCarroll, Steve;Patterson, Nick;Pe'er, Itsik;Price, Alkes;Purcell, Shaun;Richter, Daniel J.;Sabeti, Pardis;Saxena, Richa;Schaffner, Stephen F.;Sham, Pak C.;Varilly, Patrick;Altshuler, David;Stein, Lincoln D.;Krishnan, Lalitha;Smith, Albert Vernon;Tello-Ruiz, Marcela K.;Thorisson, Gudmundur A.;Chakravarti, Aravinda;Chen, Peter E.;Cutler, David J.;Kashuk, Carl S.;Lin, Shin;Abecasis, Goncalo R.;Guan, Weihua;Li, Yun;Munro, Heather M.;Qin, Zhaohui Steve;Thomas, Daryl J.;McVean, Gilean;Auton, Adam;Bottolo, Leonardo;Cardin, Niall;Eyheramendy, Susana;Freeman, Colin;Marchini, Jonathan;Myers, Simon;Spencer, Chris;Stephens, Matthew;Donnelly, Peter;Cardon, Lon R.;Clarke, Geraldine;Evans, David M.;Morris, Andrew P.;Weir, Bruce S.;Tsunoda, Tatsuhiko;Johnson, Todd A.;Mullikin, James C.;Sherry, Stephen T.;Feolo, Michael;Skol, Andrew
通讯作者：
Skol, Andrew
影响因子：
30.8
作者：
通讯作者：
--
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Altshuler, David;Durbin, Richard M.;Abecasis, Goncalo R.;Bentley, David R.;Chakravarti, Aravinda;Clark, Andrew G.;Collins, Francis S.;De la Vega, Francisco M.;Donnelly, Peter;Egholm, Michael;Flicek, Paul;Gabriel, Stacey B.;Gibbs, Richard A.;Knoppers, Bartha M.;Lander, Eric S.;Lehrach, Hans;Mardis, Elaine R.;McVean, Gil A.;Nickerson, DebbieA.;Peltonen, Leena;Schafer, Alan J.;Sherry, Stephen T.;Wang, Jun;Wilson, Richard K.;Gibbs, Richard A.;Deiros, David;Metzker, Mike;Muzny, Donna;Reid, Jeff;Wheeler, David;Wang, Jun;Li, Jingxiang;Jian, Min;Li, Guoqing;Li, Ruiqiang;Liang, Huiqing;Tian, Geng;Wang, Bo;Wang, Jian;Wang, Wei;Yang, Huanming;Zhang, Xiuqing;Zheng, Huisong;Lander, Eric S.;Altshuler, David L.;Ambrogio, Lauren;Bloom, Toby;Cibulskis, Kristian;Fennell, Tim J.;Gabriel, Stacey B.;Jaffe, David B.;Shefler, Erica;Sougnez, Carrie L.;Bentley, David R.;Gormley, Niall;Humphray, Sean;Kingsbury, Zoya;Koko-Gonzales, Paula;Stone, Jennifer;McKernan, Kevin J.;Costa, Gina L.;Ichikawa, Jeffry K.;Lee, Clarence C.;Sudbrak, Ralf;Lehrach, Hans;Borodina, Tatiana A.;Dahl, Andreas;Davydov, Alexey N.;Marquardt, Peter;Mertes, Florian;Nietfeld, Wilfiried;Rosenstiel, Philip;Schreiber, Stefan;Soldatov, Aleksey V.;Timmermann, Bernd;Tolzmann, Marius;Egholm, Michael;Affourtit, Jason;Ashworth, Dana;Attiya, Said;Bachorski, Melissa;Buglione, Eli;Burke, Adam;Caprio, Amanda;Celone, Christopher;Clark, Shauna;Conners, David;Desany, Brian;Gu, Lisa;Guccione, Lorri;Kao, Kalvin;Kebbel, Andrew;Knowlton, Jennifer;Labrecque, Matthew;McDade, Louise;Mealmaker, Craig;Minderman, Melissa;Nawrocki, Anne;Niazi, Faheem;Pareja, Kristen;Ramenani, Ravi;Riches, David;Song, Wanmin;Turcotte, Cynthia;Wang, Shally;Mardis, Elaine R.;Dooling, David;Fulton, Lucinda;Fulton, Robert;Weinstock, George;Durbin, Richard M.;Burton, John;Carter, David M.;Churcher, Carol;Coffey, Alison;Cox, Anthony;Palotie, Aarno;Quail, Michael;Skelly, Tom;Stalker, James;Swerdlow, Harold P.;Turner, Daniel;De Witte, Anniek;Giles, Shane;Gibbs, Richard A.;Wheeler, David;Bainbridge, Matthew;Challis, Danny;Sabo, Aniko;Yu, Fuli;Yu, Jin;Wang, Jun;Fang, Xiaodong;Guo, Xiaosen;Li, Ruiqiang;Li, Yingrui;Luo, Ruibang;Tai, Shuaishuai;Wu, Honglong;Zheng, Hancheng;Zheng, Xiaole;Zhou, Yan;Yang, Huanming;Marth, Gabor T.;Garrison, Erik P.;Huang, Weichun;Indap, Amit;Kural, Deniz;Lee, Wan-Ping;Leong, Wen Fung;Huang, Weichun;Indap, Amit;Kural, Deniz;Lee, Wan-Ping;Leong, Wen Fung;Quinlan, Aaron R.;Stewart, Chip;Stromberg, Michael P.;Ward, Alistair N.;Wu, Jiantao;Lee, Charles;Mills, Ryan E.;Shi, Xinghua;Daly, Mark J.;DePristo, Mark A.;Altshuler, David L.;Ball, Aaron D.;Banks, Eric;Bloom, Toby;Browning, Brian L.;Cibulskis, Kristian;Fennell, Tim J.;Garimella, Kiran V.;Grossman, Sharon R.;Handsaker, Robert E.;Hanna, Matt;Hartl, Chris;Jaffe, David B.;Kernytsky, Andrew M.;Korn, Joshua M.;Li, Heng;Maguire, Jared R.;McCarroll, Steven A.;McKenna, Aaron;Nemesh, James C.;Philippakis, Anthony A.;Poplin, Ryan E.;Price, Alkes;Rivas, Manuel A.;Sabeti, Pardis C.;Schaffner, Stephen F.;Shefler, Erica;Shlyakhter, Ilya A.;Cooper, David N.;Ball, Edward V.;Mort, Matthew;Phillips, Andrew D.;Stenson, Peter D.;Sebat, Jonathan;Makarov, Vladimir;Ye, Kenny;Yoon, Seungtai C.;Bustamante, Carlos D.;Clark, Andrew G.;Boyko, Adam;Degenhardt, Jeremiah;Gravel, Simon;Gutenkunst, Ryan N.;Kaganovich, Mark;Keinan, Alon;Lacroute, Phil;Ma, Xia;Reynolds, Andy;Clarke, Laura;Flicek, Paul;Cunningham, Fiona;Herrero, Javier;Keenen, Stephen;Kulesha, Eugene;Leinonen, Rasko;McLaren, WilliamM.;Radhakrishnan, Rajesh;Smith, Richard E.;Zalunin, Vadim;Zheng-Bradley, Xiangqun;Korbel, Jan O.;Stuetz, Adrian M.;Humphray, Sean;Bauer, Markus;Cheetham, R. Keira;Cox, Tony;Eberle, Michael;James, Terena;Kahn, Scott;Murray, Lisa;Ye, Kai;De La Vega, Francisco M.;Fu, Yutao;Hyland, Fiona C. L.;Manning, Jonathan M.;McLaughlin, Stephen F.;Peckham, Heather E.;Sakarya, Onur;Sun, Yongming A.;Tsung, Eric F.;Batzer, Mark A.;Konkel, Miriam K.;Walker, Jerilyn A.;Sudbrak, Ralf;Albrecht, Marcus W.;Amstislavskiy, Vyacheslav S.;Herwig, Ralf;Parkhomchuk, Dimitri V.;Sherry, Stephen T.;Agarwala, Richa;Khouri, Hodam.;Morgulis, Aleksandr O.;Paschall, Justin E.;Phan, Lon D.;Rotmistrovsky, Kirill E.;Sanders, Robert D.;Shumway, Martin F.;Xiao, Chunlin;McVean, Gil A.;Auton, Adam;Iqbal, Zamin;Lunter, Gerton;Marchini, Jonathan L.;Moutsianas, Loukas;Myers, Simon;Tumian, Afidalina;Desany, Brian;Knight, James;Winer, Roger;Craig, David W.;Beckstrom-Sternberg, Steve M.;Christoforides, Alexis;Kurdoglu, Ahmet A.;Pearson, Johnv.;Sinari, Shripad A.;Tembe, Waibhav D.;Haussler, David;Hinrichs, Angie S.;Katzman, Sol J.;Kern, Andrew;Kuhn, Robert M.;Przeworski, Molly;Hernandez, Ryan D.;Howie, Bryan;Kelley, Joanna L.;Melton, S. Cord;Abecasis, Goncalo R.;Li, Yun;Anderson, Paul;Blackwell, Tom;Chen, Wei;Cookson, William O.;Ding, Jun;Kang, Hyun Min;Lathrop, Mark;Liang, Liming;Moffatt, Miriam F.;Scheet, Paul;Sidore, Carlo;Snyder, Matthew;Zhan, Xiaowei;Zoellner, Sebastian;Awadalla, Philip;Casals, Ferran;Idaghdour, Youssef;Keebler, John;Stone, Eric A.;Zilversmit, Martine;Jorde, Lynn;Xing, Jinchuan;Eichler, Evan E.;Aksay, Gozde;Alkan, Can;Hajirasouliha, Iman;Hormozdiari, Fereydoun;Kidd, Jeffrey M.;Sahinalp, S. Cenk;Sudmant, Peter H.;Mardis, Elaine R.;Chen, Ken;Chinwalla, Asif;Ding, Li;Koboldt, Daniel C.;McLellan, Mike D.;Dooling, David;Weinstock, George;Wallis, John W.;Wendl, Michael C.;Zhang, Qunyuan;Durbin, Richard M.;Albers, Cornelis A.;Ayub, Qasim;Balasubramaniam, Senduran;Barrett, Jeffrey C.;Carter, David M.;Chen, Yuan;Conrad, Donald F.;Danecek, Petr;Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T.;Hu, Min;Huang, Ni;Hurles, Matt E.;Jin, Hanjun;Jostins, Luke;Keane, Thomas M.;Keane, Thomas M.;Le, Si Quang;Lindsay, Sarah;Long, Quan;MacArthur, Daniel G.;Montgomery, Stephen B.;Parts, Leopold;Stalker, James;Tyler-Smith, Chris;Walter, Klaudia;Zhang, Yujun;Gerstein, Mark B.;Snyder, Michael;Abyzov, Alexej;Abyzov, Alexej;Balasubramanian, Suganthi;Bjornson, Robert;Du, Jiang;Grubert, Fabian;Habegger, Lukas;Haraksingh, Rajini;Jee, Justin;Khurana, Ekta;Lam, Hugo Y. K.;Leng, Jing;Mu, Xinmeng Jasmine;Urban, Alexander E.;Zhang, Zhengdong;Li, Yingrui;Luo, Ruibang;Marth, Gabor T.;Garrison, Erik P.;Kural, Deniz;Quinlan, Aaron R.;Stewart, Chip;Stromberg, Michael P.;Ward, Alistair N.;Wu, Jiantao;Lee, Charles;Mills, Ryan E.;Shi, Xinghua;McCarroll, Steven A.;Banks, Eric;DePristo, Mark A.;Handsaker, Robert E.;Hartl, Chris;Korn, Joshua M.;Li, Heng;Nemesh, James C.;Sebat, Jonathan;Makarov, Vladimir;Ye, Kenny;Yoon, Seungtai C.;Degenhardt, Jeremiah;Kaganovich, Mark;Clarke, Laura;Smith, Richard E.;Zheng-Bradley, Xiangqun;Korbel, Jan O.;Humphray, Sean;Cheetham, R. Keira;Eberle, Michael;Kahn, Scott;Murray, Lisa;Ye, Kai;De la Vega, Francisco M.;Fu, Yutao;Peckham, Heather E.;Sun, Yongming A.;Batzer, Mark A.;Konkel, Miriam K.;Xiao, Chunlin;Iqbal, Zamin;Desany, Brian;Blackwell, Tom;Snyder, Matthew;Xing, Jinchuan;Eichler, Evan E.;Aksay, Gozde;Alkan, Can;Hajirasouliha, Iman;Hormozdiari, Fereydoun;Kidd, Jeffrey M.;Chen, Ken;Chinwalla, Asif;Ding, Li;McLellan, Mike D.;Wallis, John W.;Hurles, Matt E.;Conrad, Donald F.;Walter, Klaudia;Zhang, Yujun;Gerstein, Mark B.;Snyder, Michael;Abyzov, Alexej;Du, Jiang;Grubert, Fabian;Haraksingh, Rajini;Jee, Justin;Khurana, Ekta;Lam, Hugo Y. K.;Leng, Jing;Mu, Xinmeng Jasmine;Urban, Alexander E.;Zhang, Zhengdong;Gibbs, Richard A.;Bainbridge, Matthew;Challis, Danny;Coafra, Cristian;Dinh, Huyen;Kovar, Christie;Lee, Sandy;Muzny, Donna;Nazareth, Lynne;Reid, Jeff;Sabo, Aniko;Yu, Fuli;Yu, Jin;Marth, Gabor T.;Garrison, Erik P.;Indap, Amit;Leong, Wen Fung;Quinlan, Aaron R.;Stewart, Chip;Ward, Alistair N.;Wu, Jiantao;Cibulskis, Kristian;Fennell, Tim J.;Gabriel, Stacey B.;Garimella, Kiran V.;Hartl, Chris;Shefler, Erica;Sougnez, Carrie L.;Wilkinson, Jane;Clark, Andrew G.;Gravel, Simon;Grubert, Fabian;Clarke, Laura;Flicek, Paul;Smith, Richard E.;Zheng-Bradley, Xiangqun;Sherry, Stephen T.;Khouri, Hoda M.;Paschall, Justin E.;Shumway, Martin F.;Xiao, Chunlin;McVean, Gil A.;Katzman, Sol J.;Abecasis, Goncalo R.;Blackwell, Tom;Mardis, Elaine R.;Dooling, David;Fulton, Lucinda;Fulton, Robert;Koboldt, Daniel C.;Durbin, Richard M.;Balasubramaniam, Senduran;Coffey, Allison;Keane, Thomas M.;MacArthur, Daniel G.;Palotie, Aarno;Scott, Carol;Stalker, James;Tyler-Smith, Chris;Gerstein, Mark B.;Balasubramanian, Suganthi;Chakravarti, Aravinda;Knoppers, Bartha M.;Peltonen, Leena;Abecasis, Goncalo R.;Bustamante, Carlos D.;Gharani, Neda;Gibbs, Richard A.;Jorde, Lynn;Kaye, Jane S.;Kent, Alastair;Li, Taosha;McGuire, Amy L.;McVean, Gil A.;Ossorio, Pilar N.;Rotimi, Charles N.;Su, Yeyang;Toji, Lorraine H.;Tyler-Smith, Chris;Brooks, Lisa D.;Felsenfeld, Adam L.;McEwen, Jean E.;Abdallah, Assya;Juenger, Christopher R.;Clemm, Nicholas C.;Collins, Francis S.;Duncanson, Audrey;Green, Eric D.;Guyer, Mark S.;Peterson, Jane L.;Schafer, Alan J.;Abecasis, Goncalo R.;Altshuler, David L.;Auton, Adam;Brooks, Lisa D.;Durbin, Richard M.;Gibbs, Richard A.;Hurles, Matt E.;McVean, Gil A.
通讯作者：
McVean, Gil A.
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Holloway, K;Lawson, VE;Jeffreys, AJ
通讯作者：
Jeffreys, AJ