Coping with a Self-Induced Shock: The Heterarchic Organization of the
Coping with a Self-Induced Shock: The Heterarchic Organization of the
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DOI：
10.3390/socsci3030527
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发表时间：
2014-09
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Gernot Grabher;J. Thiel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Gernot Grabher;J. Thiel
本文首先假设特大事件和大规模灾害之间的结构相似性。两者都意味着对日常生活的强行打断，都涉及迫切需要采取行动。就像开幕式的最后期限一样，一场迫在眉睫的自然灾害引发了一系列复杂的预防措施和准备工作，以科普不可避免的即将到来的冲击。当然，在特大事件的情况下，这种冲击是自我诱发的。事实上，各城市在举办大型活动方面竞争激烈。面对举办大型活动的艰巨挑战--固定的时间表、监管机构制定的严格标准以及特殊的公共责任--负责的当局和组织传统上采取了严格适应强加于他们的条件的策略。然而，调整所有可用资源和能力以满足可预见的需求，削弱了科普不可预测扰动的适应性。本文旨在探讨在准备，举办和实施的一个重大事件的遗产计划的适应性的策略和实践，具有证据显著的记录：2012年伦敦奥运会。本文试图证明，负责的项目生态管理，以提高适应性，通过实施三个关键特征的层次结构：模糊性，冗余和松散耦合。通过利用异质结构的原则，项目生态系统能够从以前的大型活动中吸取教训，并预测和应对不可预见的挑战。
This paper starts from the assumption of a structural analogy between mega-events and large-scale disasters. Both imply forceful interruptions of everyday routines, and both involve imperatives for imminent action. Similar to the immovable deadline of an opening ceremony, a looming natural disaster triggers a complex set of precautions and preparations to cope with the inescapable forthcoming shock. In the case of mega-events, of course, this shock is self-induced. In fact, cities fiercely compete to host mega-events. In the face of the daunting challenges of hosting a mega-event—the immovable timeframe, the rigorous standards set by regulatory bodies, and the exceptional public visibility—the authorities and organizations in charge traditionally have resorted to strategies of a strict adaptation to the conditions imposed on them. Aligning all available resources and capabilities to match the foreseeable demands, however, undermines the adaptability to cope with unpredictable perturbations. This paper seeks to explore the strategies and practices to attain adaptability during the preparation, staging and implementation of legacy plans of a mega-event with an evidentially noteworthy record: the London Olympic Games 2012. The paper seeks to demonstrate that the project ecology in charge managed to enhance adaptability by implementing three key features of heterarchy : ambiguity , redundancy and loose coupling . By leveraging the principles of heterarchy, the project ecology was able to draw lessons from previous mega-events and both to anticipate and respond to unforeseen challenges.