Gender-specific olfactory sensitization: hormonal and cognitive influences.
Gender-specific olfactory sensitization: hormonal and cognitive influences.
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性别特异性嗅觉敏感性：荷尔蒙和认知影响。
DOI：
10.1093/chemse/bjh195
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发表时间：
2005
期刊：
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Breslin,PaulAS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Diamond,Jeanmarie;Dalton,Pamela;Doolittle,Nadine;Breslin,PaulAS
在一项报道的诱发嗅觉敏感性的实例中，最初无法闻到雄烯酮（5-αandrost-16-en-3-one）的男性和女性在反复接触后发展出了这种能力（Wysocki 等，1989）。据信，这种现象仅发生在参与者患有特定嗅觉丧失症并且可能特定于该实验中使用的特定刺激的气味剂中。在这里，我们证明诱导嗅觉敏感性既是一种更普遍也是更有限的效应，只有育龄妇女在重复阈值测试后才表现出对多种气味的显着敏感性。这些发现可能为有关女性嗅觉敏锐度的传闻提供了解释。尽管在几种不同的嗅觉过程中观察到了性别差异，但这些任务往往需要更高的认知处理，例如气味记忆、气味识别和享乐评级（Cain，1982；Doty 等，1985；Gilbert 等，1997）。关于嗅觉敏感性的研究未能显示出这种性别差异。然而，此类研究依赖于单次评估，而目前的研究表明，重复暴露是诱发敏感性的重要因素（参见 Cain 和 Schmidt，2002）。尽管男性和女性在开始研究时可能具有相当相似的嗅觉检测阈值，但在某些情况下，育龄女性对气味刺激的敏感度最高可达 11 个数量级，而男性则不会。这里提出的现象是在重复测量味觉和嗅觉阈值时首次遇到的。通过采用五逆转标准的改良阶梯法，将 20 至 32 岁的男性和女性反复暴露于苯甲醛（Wetherill 和 Levitt，1965）。口服糖精阈值是单独测量的，每个阈值总共 30 次。女性的阈值显着增加，而男性则没有（图 1）。一个双向
In one reported instance of induced olfactory sensitivity, men and women who were initially unable to smell androstenone (5-αandrost-16-en-3-one) developed that ability after repeated exposures (Wysocki et al., 1989). This phenomenon has been believed to occur only for odorants to which participants have specific anosmia and possibly specific to the particular stimulus used in that experiment. Here, we demonstrate that induced olfactory sensitivity is both a more general and more restricted effect, with only women of reproductive age showing marked sensitization to multiple odorants after repeated threshold testing. These findings may offer an explanation for anecdotal claims of females’ olfactory acuity. Although gender differences have been observed within several different olfactory processes, these tend to be tasks that require higher cognitive processing such as memory for odors, odor identification and hedonic ratings (Cain, 1982; Doty et al., 1985; Gilbert et al., 1997). Studies looking at olfactory sensitivity have failed to show such gender differences. However, such studies have relied on single session evaluations, whereas the present studies demonstrate that repeated exposure is an important factor in inducing sensitivity (cf. Cain and Schmidt, 2002). Although males and females may begin a study with comparably similar olfactory detection thresholds, under some conditions, females of reproductive age will sensitize to odor stimuli by up to 11 orders of magnitude, while their male counterparts will not.The phenomenon presented here was first encountered while repeatedly measuring taste and olfactory thresholds. Males and females between the ages of 20 and 32 were exposed repeatedly to benzaldehyde via a modified staircase method with a five-reversal criterion (Wetherill and Levitt, 1965). Oral saccharin thresholds were taken separately, each for a total of 30 sessions. Females’ thresholds increased significantly, while males’ did not (Figure 1). A two-way
饮用水中戊二醛的感官检测-敏感性和特异性嗅觉丧失的出现。
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2002
期刊：
Chemical Sensors
影响因子：
--
作者：
W. Cain;R. Schmidt
通讯作者：
R. Schmidt