The Formation and Retrieval of Holistic Event Memories Across Development.
The Formation and Retrieval of Holistic Event Memories Across Development.
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DOI：
10.5334/joc.149
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发表时间：
2021-02-12
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Horner AJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
James E;Ong G;Henderson LM;Horner AJ
事件记忆由其组成元素之间的关联组成，通过模式完成的过程导致其整体检索。在特定条件下，当每个事件内关联都被编码在一个单独的时间背景中时，这种整体检索就可能发生：成年人能够将信息整合到一个单一的连贯表征中。在这项研究中，我们试图复制儿童的同时编码的事件元素的整体检索，并检查儿童是否可以同样地跨分离的编码环境整合。儿童（6-7岁; 9-10岁）和成人编码两个系列的三要素“事件”，包括动物，物体和位置。在同时条件下，他们同时遇到所有三个事件元素;在分离条件下，他们分别遇到每一个成对关联（动物-对象，动物-位置，对象-位置）。编码后，他们进行了测试的检索每个事件内的关联使用4-替代强迫选择任务。我们推断存在的整体检索使用检索依赖性的措施，检索事件内的关联之间的统计依赖性。随着年龄的增长，两人的记忆力都有所提高，但在检索依赖性方面没有发展差异。在同时编码条件下，三个年龄组均表现出提取依赖性。然而，与以往的研究相反，在分离编码后的任何年龄组中都没有观察到检索依赖。同时编码条件下的结果支持了模式完成过程在幼儿期发展的观点。成年人在分离编码后缺乏检索依赖性，这阻碍了关于记忆整合发展轨迹的结论。
Event memories consist of associations between their constituent elements, leading to their holistic retrieval via the process of pattern completion. This holistic retrieval can occur, under specific conditions, when each within-event association is encoded in a separate temporal context: adults are able to integrate the information into a single coherent representation. In this study, we sought to replicate the holistic retrieval of simultaneously encoded event elements in children, and examine whether children can similarly integrate across separated encoding contexts. Children (aged 6–7 years; 9–10 years) and adults encoded two series of three-element “events” consisting of an animal, object, and location. In the simultaneous condition, they encountered all three event elements at once; in the separated condition, they encountered each pairwise association separately (animal-object, animal-location, object-location). After encoding, they were tested on the retrieval of each within-event association using a 4-alternative-forced-choice task. We inferred the presence of holistic retrieval using a measure of retrieval dependency—the statistical dependency between retrieval of within-event associations. Memory for the pairs improved across ages, but there were no developmental differences in retrieval dependency. In the simultaneous encoding condition, all three age groups showed retrieval dependency. However, counter to previous studies, retrieval dependency was not observed in any age group following separated encoding. The results from the simultaneous encoding condition support the idea that pattern completion processes are developed by early childhood. The absence of retrieval dependency in adults following separated encoding prevent conclusions regarding the developmental trajectory of mnemonic integration.