Afghanistan: Environmental degradation in a fragile ecological setting
Afghanistan: Environmental degradation in a fragile ecological setting
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阿富汗：脆弱的生态环境中的环境退化
DOI：
10.1080/13504500109470086
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发表时间：
2001
影响因子：
5.6
通讯作者：
D. Saba
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Saba
摘要 目前，阿富汗15%的土地中只有6%是可用的，如果所有难民都返回，土地所有权和可用土地充足性的问题将不可避免。天然林已严重退化。由于地形和干旱气候的影响，大片地区遭受水土流失。植被和土壤腐殖质的丧失造成了更加干旱的环境。放弃土地、不良的开垦计划、过度放牧和毁坏植被作为薪材都造成了荒漠化。牧场的生物生产力也下降了。生产力下降影响了牲畜，并导致野生动物种群格局发生巨大变化。土壤盐碱化和涝渍土地普遍存在。农田和牧场受到地雷污染。已发现来自咸海的高浓度空气颗粒物和大量跨境污染物。化学品和战争机械的使用破坏了生态系统。植物和动物的收集不受管制，导致兴都库什山脉特有的一些物种被过度清除或灭绝。一些植物被连根拔起和炸药捕鱼的现象日益增多，数量惊人的动植物群受到威胁。农业是传统的，自然资源没有得到可持续的利用。需要制定和采用健全的环境战略。
SUMMARY Currently, only 6% of the 15% of land in Afghanistan is usable and, if all the refugees were to return, problems of land ownership and adequacy of available land are inevitable. Natural forests have been severely degraded. Due to the nature of the topography and the arid climate, vast areas are subject to soil erosion. Loss of vegetation and soil humus have created ever more arid conditions. Abandoning the lands, poor reclamation schemes, overgrazing and destruction of vegetation for fuelwood have all caused desertifkation. The biological productivity of pastures has also deteriorated. This reduced productivity has affected livestock and has caused dramatic changes to the patterns of wildlife populations. Soil salinization and waterlogged lands are common. Farmland and pastures have been contaminated by landmines. Heavy concentrations of air-borne particulates and considerable amounts of transboundary pollutants from the Aral Sea have been found. Use of chemicals and the machinery of war have damaged the ecosystems. Collection of plants and animals is unregulated and has resulted in excessive removal or extermination of some species endemic to the Hindu Kush. Uprooting of some plants and dynamite fishing are increasing and a disturbing number of fauna and flora are endangered. Agriculture is traditional, and natural resources are not being used in a sustainable way. A sound environmental strategy needs to be formulated and adopted.