Stabilization and mobility of the head, neck and trunk in horses during overground locomotion: comparisons with humans and other primates.
Stabilization and mobility of the head, neck and trunk in horses during overground locomotion: comparisons with humans and other primates.
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DOI：
10.1242/jeb.020578
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发表时间：
2008-12
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Zarcades A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dunbar DC;Macpherson JM;Simmons RW;Zarcades A
研究了马在地上运动时的节段运动学，并与人类和其他灵长类动物的已发表报告进行了比较，以确定大颈部对旋转运动性（> 20度）的影响。稳定性（≤ 20 °）头部和躯干三个成年马（马caballus）进行散步，小跑和慢跑录像的侧视图。数据分析包括运动速度，节段位置，俯仰和线性位移和速度，和头部位移频率。测量马、人和猴的头骨和颈椎，以估计头部俯仰位移期间的眼和前庭弧长度。在所有三种步态中，马在所有平面上的所有三个部分都是稳定的，不像猴子和人类在行走时会进行大的头部俯仰和偏航旋转，而猴子在疾驰时会进行大的躯干俯仰旋转。马的头部角位移和速度，在步行过程中的一些例外，小于人类和其他灵长类动物。然而，由于更大的离轴距离，马的眼眶和前庭弧长仍然较大，除了小跑时的头颈轴向间距，其中马的弧长小于跑步的人。与猴子和人类不同，马的头部峰值频率范围属于惯性具有补偿稳定作用的估计范围。然而，这种惯性效应通常被肌肉或韧带干预所克服。因此，马的头部俯仰并不总是代偿性的，正如在人类中所报道的那样。马的颈部将头部与躯干隔离，使两个部分能够提供空间参考框架。
Segmental kinematics were investigated in horses during overground locomotion and compared with published reports on humans and other primates to determine the impact of a large neck on rotational mobility (>20deg.) and stability (≤20deg.) of the head and trunk. Three adult horses (Equus caballus) performing walks, trots and canters were videotaped in lateral view. Data analysis included locomotor velocity, segmental positions, pitch and linear displacements and velocities, and head displacement frequencies. Equine, human and monkey skulls and cervical spines were measured to estimate eye and vestibular arc length during head pitch displacements. Horses stabilized all three segments in all planes during all three gaits, unlike monkeys and humans who make large head pitch and yaw rotations during walks, and monkeys that make large trunk pitch rotations during gallops. Equine head angular displacements and velocities, with some exceptions during walks, were smaller than in humans and other primates. Nevertheless, owing to greater off-axis distances, orbital and vestibular arc lengths remained larger in horses, with the exception of head–neck axial pitch during trots, in which equine arc lengths were smaller than in running humans. Unlike monkeys and humans, equine head peak-frequency ranges fell within the estimated range in which inertia has a compensatory stabilizing effect. This inertial effect was typically over-ridden, however, by muscular or ligamentous intervention. Thus, equine head pitch was not consistently compensatory, as reported in humans. The equine neck isolated the head from the trunk enabling both segments to provide a spatial reference frame.
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影响因子：
2.2
作者：
ATTENBURROW, DP
通讯作者：
ATTENBURROW, DP
影响因子：
2.2
作者：
ATTENBURROW, DP;GOSS, VA
通讯作者：
GOSS, VA
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
DUNBAR, DC
通讯作者：
DUNBAR, DC
影响因子：
2.2
作者：
CLAYTON, HM;TOWNSEND, HGG
通讯作者：
TOWNSEND, HGG
影响因子：
2.8
作者：
Dunbar, DC;Badam, GL;Vieilledent, S
通讯作者：
Vieilledent, S