Pronatalist Policies in Romania
Pronatalist Policies in Romania
复制标题
罗马尼亚的生育政策
DOI：
10.1086/451199
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发表时间：
1980
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
W. Moskoff
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
W. Moskoff
简介 四十年前，贡纳尔·米尔达尔试图将全世界的注意力集中到他所认为的欧洲人口增长率下降的负面后果上。他预见到经济和社会停滞是人口下降的直接结果。1自第二次世界大战以来，世界尤其是欠发达国家关注的焦点更多地是高出生率而不是低出生率。然而，有一个值得注意的例外：东欧规划者对出生率下降表示担忧，因为他们严重依赖不断增长的人口来提供快速工业化所需的人力。本文将探讨罗马尼亚的生育政策。为了应对出生率持续快速下降，自 20 世纪 60 年代下半叶以来，罗马尼亚制定了一系列复杂的政策。这些政策是“胡萝卜加大棒”策略的结合，旨在提高出生率，同时确保经济增长不会因劳动力不足而放缓。此前，在东欧和苏联生育率下降和政策应对的一般领域，文献已经做出了许多非常有用的贡献。最全面的概述可以在 Jerzy Berent 撰写的两部分文章中找到。2 这些文章探讨了生育率下降的人口因素以及社会和经济原因。其中还包括一个章节，回顾 20 世纪 60 年代世界这一地区的生育政策。贝伦特工作的主要优点是处理了东欧和苏联广泛的人口政策组合和因果影响。罗伯特·J·麦金泰尔 (Robert J. McIntyre) 阐述了堕胎的重要性
Introduction Forty years ago Gunnar Myrdal tried to focus the world's attention on what he perceived to be the negative consequences of decreasing rates of population growth in Europe. He foresaw economic and social stagnation as a direct result of a declining population.1 Since World War II, the focus of world concern, especially in the less developed countries, has been more with high rather than with low birth rates. However, there is one notable exception: Eastern European planners have expressed concern about falling birth rates since they have relied heavily on an expanding population to provide the manpower necessary for rapid industrialization. This article will examine the pronatalist policies in Romania. In response to a steady and rather rapid decline in the birth rate, the Romanians have woven a complex set of policies since the second half of the 1960s. These policies, a mix of "carrot and stick" tactics, were designed to raise the birth rate while ensuring that economic growth would not slow down due to an inadequate labor force. A number of highly useful contributions have previously been made to the literature in the general area of fertility decline and policy responses in Eastern Europe and the USSR. The most comprehensive overview is to be found in a two-part article by Jerzy Berent.2 These articles explore both demographic factors and the social and economic causes of fertility decline; they also include a section reviewing pronatalist policies of the 1960s in this area of the world. The main virtue of Berent's work is that the wide range of demographic policy mixes and causal influences in Eastern Europe and the USSR are treated. Robert J. McIntyre has dealt with the importance of abortion in