Ensuring supply chain integrity for material extrusion 3D printed polymer parts
Ensuring supply chain integrity for material extrusion 3D printed polymer parts
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DOI：
10.1016/j.addma.2023.103403
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发表时间：
2023-01-10
影响因子：
11
通讯作者：
Gibbons, Gregory J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Cox, James R.;Kipling, Isabelle;Gibbons, Gregory J.
增材制造（AM）行业正在经历持续的高速增长（2016-2019年平均年增长率为23.3%），所有行业的应用都在增长。增材制造无处不在的本质，以及它简单地从CAD数据制造产品的能力，导致了一个不受欢迎的副作用，即制造欺诈性组件并将其作为正品传递的能力变得更容易实现，使用被盗知识产权生产假冒商品的风险增加。开发可靠的认证方法是许多研究活动的重点，其中包括使用公开（可见标记，如全息图标签）和隐蔽（隐藏指示，如激光蚀刻或条形码）技术，但这些技术越来越容易被检测和复制，因此不可靠。因此，需要AM产品的认证方法。本文研究了一种新的材料认证方法，用于挤压用聚乳酸（PLA）热塑性塑料生产的3D打印半结晶聚合物部件，以确保制造业供应链的完整性。改变两个关键工艺参数（挤压温度和构建板温度）以及样品中沉积材料的材料取样位置，以在组件中嵌入目标结晶度（phi c），该结晶度可以在供应链中的任何实例中以非破坏性方式提取。使用三个工艺参数的矩阵制造样品，并使用热成像收集沉积材料的热历史。每个样品的phi c用差示扫描量热法测定。对结果进行统计分析，以挤压温度、构建板温度和样品位置为变量，以phi c为相关观察值，结果显示，测量phi c的组件位置对phi c的影响最显著，构建板温度对phi c的影响其次。挤出机温度对phi c的影响较小。对实验结果的分析得出了验证方法的有效性和由于本研究的有希望的结论而需要进行的未来工作的结论。
The Additive Manufacturing (AM) industry is seeing a sustained and high rate of growth (average annual growth rate of 23.3% (2016-2019)), and applications are growing across all sectors. The ubiquitous nature of AM, and its ability to manufacture products simply from CAD data, has resulted in an undesirable side effect where the ability to manufacture fraudulent components and pass them off as authentic has become easier to achieve, with increased risk of the use of stolen intellectual property to produce counterfeit goods. Developing robust authentication methods is the focus of much research activity, which include the use overt (visible markers, such as hologram tags) and covert (concealed indicators such as laser etching or barcodes) technologies, but these are becoming increasingly easier to detect and reproduce and are therefore unreliable. Methods for authentication of AM products are thus required. This article investigates a novel method for authenticating material extrusion 3D printed semi-crystalline polymer parts, produced in polylactic acid (PLA) thermoplastic, to ensure supply chain integrity in the manufacturing industry. Two key process parameters (extrusion temperature and build plate temperature), and the material sampling position of the deposited material within the sample were varied to embed a target degree of crystallinity (phi c) within the component, which could be extracted at any instance in the supply chain in a non-destructive manner. Samples were manufactured using a matrix of the three process parameters, and thermal history of the deposited material was collected using thermal imaging. phi c for each sample was determined using Differential Scanning Calorimetry. A statistical analysis of the results, with extrusion temperature, build plate temperature and sample position as variables and phi c as the dependent observable revealed that the position in the component at which the phi c was measured produced the most significant effect on phi c. The build plate temperature had the second most significant effect on the phi c. Finally, the extruder temperature had a minor effect on phi c. The analysis of experimental results led to a conclusion of the validity of the authentication method and the future work required as a result of the promising conclusion of this investigation.