Adaptation Mechanisms in the Evolution of Moss Defenses to Microbes.
Adaptation Mechanisms in the Evolution of Moss Defenses to Microbes.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpls.2017.00366
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
5.6
通讯作者：
Montesano M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ponce de León I;Montesano M
苔藓植物，包括苔藓、地钱和金鱼藻，是早期陆地植物，已经进化出关键的适应机制来应对非生物胁迫和微生物。微生物共生通过增强养分吸收来促进植物在土地上的定植，从而改善植物的生长和健康。此外，早期的陆地植物获得了新的防御机制来保护植物组织免受先前存在的微生物病原体的侵害。由于其进化阶段将单细胞绿藻与维管植物联系起来，非维管苔藓小立碗藓是一种有趣的生物体，可用于探索植物防御微生物进化过程中形成的适应机制。细胞和生化方法、基因表达谱以及通过靶向基因破坏进行的基因功能分析揭示了苔藓和开花植物之间保守的几种针对微生物病原体的防御机制。 P. patens 通过质膜受体感知病原体相关分子模式，并通过 MAP 激酶 (MAPK) 级联转导信号，导致细胞壁相关防御的激活和编码在植物抗性中具有不同作用的蛋白质的基因的表达。在病原体攻击后，P. patens 还会激活 ROS 的产生，诱导 HR 样反应并增加某些激素的水平。此外，P. patens 中存在替代代谢途径，导致产生与开花植物不同的代谢场景，从而有助于防御。 P. patens 通过水平转移从原核生物和真菌获得了基因，其中一些可能代表了抵抗生物胁迫的适应性优势。在这篇综述中，将讨论与植物针对病原体的防御反应进化相关的当前知识，重点关注模式植物 P. patens 的最新进展。
Bryophytes, including mosses, liverworts and hornworts are early land plants that have evolved key adaptation mechanisms to cope with abiotic stresses and microorganisms. Microbial symbioses facilitated plant colonization of land by enhancing nutrient uptake leading to improved plant growth and fitness. In addition, early land plants acquired novel defense mechanisms to protect plant tissues from pre-existing microbial pathogens. Due to its evolutionary stage linking unicellular green algae to vascular plants, the non-vascular moss Physcomitrella patens is an interesting organism to explore the adaptation mechanisms developed in the evolution of plant defenses to microbes. Cellular and biochemical approaches, gene expression profiles, and functional analysis of genes by targeted gene disruption have revealed that several defense mechanisms against microbial pathogens are conserved between mosses and flowering plants. P. patens perceives pathogen associated molecular patterns by plasma membrane receptor(s) and transduces the signal through a MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade leading to the activation of cell wall associated defenses and expression of genes that encode proteins with different roles in plant resistance. After pathogen assault, P. patens also activates the production of ROS, induces a HR-like reaction and increases levels of some hormones. Furthermore, alternative metabolic pathways are present in P. patens leading to the production of a distinct metabolic scenario than flowering plants that could contribute to defense. P. patens has acquired genes by horizontal transfer from prokaryotes and fungi, and some of them could represent adaptive benefits for resistance to biotic stress. In this review, the current knowledge related to the evolution of plant defense responses against pathogens will be discussed, focusing on the latest advances made in the model plant P. patens.