RANK MAINTENANCE IN FEMALE JAPANESE MACAQUES - EXPERIMENTAL-EVIDENCE FOR SOCIAL DEPENDENCY
RANK MAINTENANCE IN FEMALE JAPANESE MACAQUES - EXPERIMENTAL-EVIDENCE FOR SOCIAL DEPENDENCY
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DOI：
10.1163/156853988x00593
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发表时间：
1988-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
CHAPAIS, B
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
CHAPAIS, B
在许多以母系优势系统为特征的长尾猴中，雌性继承母亲的等级（谱系等级），雌性的谱系等级与她的体力之间没有相关性。本文探讨了这类系统的秩保持和秩稳定性的决定因素。从理论上讲，雌性可能需要盟友来维持自己的地位，因为（1）在二元竞争互动中，她可能会受到单个较大雌性的挑战，和/或（2）她可能会受到较小或相同大小的雌性的挑战（反叛联盟）。一系列的实验设计，以测试这两种可能性进行了圈养组的日本猕猴（N = 17）组成的三个家庭具有相似的年龄-性别组成。实验小组的女性组成，以测试能力的一个单一的女性（即没有她的亲属在场），以保持她的排名以上的系谱从属女性（G-下属女性）在四个社会情况：（a）与同龄的G-下属女性：（B）与一个单一的，年长的G-下属女性，（c）与一组G-下属家庭。形成了67个实验亚组，其中45%诱导了系谱等级逆转。低级别的女性似乎是有条件的opportunities谁竞争排名的情况下，他们显然有更多的相对权力比单一的G-显性女性（最小风险策略）。在G-亚优势雌性独自一人的实验亚组中（没有亲属存在：上述情况a和B），她只有在单个G-优势雌性比她更年轻和更小的情况下才挑战该单个G-优势雌性，并且只有在G-优势雌性不成熟的情况下她才这样做（≤ B）。3）。因此，单一的G-下属的女性没有挑战单一的同龄G-显性的女性，他们甚至没有挑战单一的年轻G-显性的女性，如果后者是成熟的。相比之下，在由G-下属亲属组组成的实验亚组中（上述情况c和d），G-下属雌性可以集体挑战，并且等级高于单个G-显性雌性，而不管后者的年龄（大小）。这些发现的一个重要含义是，任何女性，无论年龄大小，都依赖盟友来维持自己的地位（Sensu Kawai，1965年）。母系统治系统中等级制度的稳定性反映了联盟权力中个体间差异的存在，因此对于任何二元体，G-统治女性比G-从属女性拥有更多的集体权力。在这方面讨论了两类机制。稳定性可能来自于家族内联盟的动态（基于亲属的联盟之间的权力不对称或权力平等）和/或来自于家族间联盟的动态（家族间依赖的不对称）。
In many species of cercopithecines characterized by a matrilineal dominance system, a female inherits her mother''s rank (genealogical rank) and there is no correlation between a female''s genealogical rank and her physical strength. This paper explores the determinants of rank maintenance and rank stability in such systems. Theoretically, a female might be in need of allies to maintain her rank because (1) she could be challenged by single larger females in dyadic agonistic interactions, and/or (2) she could be challenged by smaller or same-size females acting together (rebellious coalitions). A series of experiments designed to test these two possibilities were carried out in a captive group of Japanese macaques (N = 17) comprised of three families with similar age-sex compositions. Experimental subgroups of females were formed to test the capacity of a single female (i.e. with none of her relatives present) to maintain her rank above genealogically subordinate females (G-Subordinate females) in four social situations: (a) with same-age G-Subordinate females: (b) with a single, older G-Subordinate female, (c) with a group of G-Subordinate family. Sixty seven experimental subgroups were formed, and 45% of these induced genealogical rank reversals. Low-ranking females appeared to be conditional opportunists who competed for rank only in situations where they clearly had more relative power than the single G-Dominant female (minimal risk strategy). In the experimental subgroups where a G-suborindate female was by herself (no kin present:situations a and b above), she challenged a single G-Dominant female only if the latter was younger and smaller than herself, and she did so only if the G-Dominant female was immature (.ltoreq. 3). Thus, single G-subordinate females did not challenge single same-age G-Dominant females nor did they even challenge single younger G-Dominant females if the latter were mature. In contrast, in the experimental subgroups comprised of a G-Subordinate kin group (situations c and d above), G-Subordinate females could challenge collectively, and outrank, single G-Dominant females, regardless of the latter''s age (size). One important implication of these findings is that any female, regardless of her age, is dependent on allies (sensu Kawai, 1965) to maintain her rank. This the hierarchy''s stability in matrilineal dominance systems would reflect the existence of inter-individual differences in alliance power, such that for any dyad the G-Dominant female has more collective power than the G-Subordinate female. Two categories of mechanisms are discussed in this context. Stability might result from the dynamics of intra-familial alliances (power asymmetry or power equality among kin-based coalitions) and/or from the dynamics of inter-familial alliances (asymmetry of inter-familial dependence).