Ojibwe Gichigami (“Ojibwa’s Great Sea”): an intersecting history of treaty rights, tribal fish harvesting, and toxic risk in Keweenaw Bay, United States
Ojibwe Gichigami (“Ojibwa’s Great Sea”): an intersecting history of treaty rights, tribal fish harvesting, and toxic risk in Keweenaw Bay, United States
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Ojibwe Gichigami（“奥吉布瓦的大海”）：美国基威诺湾的条约权利、部落鱼类捕捞和有毒风险的交叉历史
DOI：
10.1007/s12685-016-0185-7
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Valoree S. Gagnon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Valoree S. Gagnon
Ojibwe Gichigami（“奥吉布瓦's Great Sea”）是上级湖的精神名称;它也是Keweenaw Bay Indian Community（KBIC）的家园，Gichigami捕鱼已经维持了近千年的人民。作为1842年与齐佩瓦人签订的条约的签署国，KBIC保留了在1000万英亩割让土地和水域内狩猎、捕鱼、采集和崇拜的权利。然而，由于甲基汞和多氯联苯（PCB）等有毒物质的水平升高，上级湖目前处于许多鱼类消费禁令之下，这些禁令向公众通报了有害污染水平。因此，收获为KBIC提供了社会文化和精神福祉，同时也将他们的身体健康置于极大的风险之中。通过使用民族志方法和口述历史，本文说明了KBIC条约权利，部落捕鱼和有毒风险的交叉历史是如何成为他们的水故事的中心。几十年来，由于联邦同化政策、国家对其收获的监管控制以及环境退化和污染，他们遇到了可怕的后果。KBIC目前对有毒风险的看法植根于这一历史。1971年，密歇根州最高法院做出了一项具有里程碑意义的裁决：人民诉容德鲁案（People v. Jondreau）重申了1842年KBIC的条约权利。这一先例性的决定之后，五大湖州发布了全国第一个鱼类分类法。KBIC的历史背景对于理解当今的环境政策及其对那些最危险的人的相关性（或无关性）至关重要，强调社会不公正如何通过人们的水历史表现出来。
Ojibwe Gichigami (“Ojibwa’s Great Sea”) is the spirit name for Lake Superior; it is also the homeland of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community (KBIC) where Gichigami fishing has sustained the people for nearly a millennia. As signatories to the 1842 Treaty With The Chippewa, the KBIC retain rights for hunting, fishing, and gathering, and worship within ten-million acres of ceded land and water territory. However, due to elevated levels of toxics such as methyl-mercury and polychlorinated-biphenyls (PCBs), Lake Superior is currently under numerous fish consumption advisories that inform the public of harmful contamination levels. Thus, harvesting provides socio-cultural and spiritual wellbeing for the KBIC, and simultaneously, places their physical health at great risk. By using ethnographic methods and oral histories, this article illustrates how an intersecting history of KBIC treaty rights, tribal fish harvesting, and toxic risk is the center of their water story. Over the course of several decades, they have encountered dire consequences due to federal assimilation policies, state regulatory control over their harvesting, and environmental degradation and contamination. KBIC present-day perspectives of toxic risk are rooted in this history. In 1971, the Michigan Supreme Court presented a landmark decision: the People v. Jondreau reaffirmed 1842 treaty rights for the KBIC. This precedential decision was followed by Great Lakes states issuing the nation’s first fish advisories. The KBIC historical context is imperative to understanding present day environmental policy and its relevance (or irrelevance) for those most at-risk, emphasizing how social injustices are manifested through a people’s water history.