Implementation and Impacts of Surface and Blowing Snow Sources of Arctic Bromine Activation Within WRF-Chem 4.1.1.
Implementation and Impacts of Surface and Blowing Snow Sources of Arctic Bromine Activation Within WRF-Chem 4.1.1.
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DOI：
10.1029/2020ms002391
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发表时间：
2021-08
影响因子：
6.8
通讯作者：
Baladima F
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Marelle L;Thomas JL;Ahmed S;Tuite K;Stutz J;Dommergue A;Simpson WR;Frey MM;Baladima F
众所周知，大气中溴浓度的升高会导致北极地区的臭氧消耗，这在春季最为常见。我们在WRF‐Chem 4.1.1模型中实现了溴和氯化学的详细描述，以及北极溴活化的两种不同描述：（1）海冰表面雪上的非均相化学，由臭氧沉积到雪中触发（Toyota等人， 2011 https：//doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3949-2011），以及（2）通过吹升的雪的升华而发射的海盐气溶胶的非均相反应（Yang等人， 2008，https：//doi.org/10.1029/2008gl034536）。在这两种机制中，溴的活化是通过气溶胶和地表雪的非均相反应来维持的。2012年春季覆盖整个北极的模拟重现了频繁和广泛的臭氧消耗事件，与臭氧观测结果的比较表明，这些动态大大改善了北极春季的模型预测。模拟表明，臭氧消耗事件可以由海冰表面的雪或吹雪产生的气溶胶引发。在区域范围内，2012年春季，海冰上的雪主导了表面的卤素活化和臭氧消耗。在此期间，吹雪是北极海盐气溶胶的主要来源，但仅引发少数消耗事件。使用WRF‐Chem模拟卤素激活及其在北极地表臭氧消耗事件（ODE）中的作用实现了两种卤素激活机制（1）地表雪和（2）吹雪2012年春季的案例研究表明，这两种机制都可以触发近地表ODE，但地表雪占主导地位
Elevated concentrations of atmospheric bromine are known to cause ozone depletion in the Arctic, which is most frequently observed during springtime. We implement a detailed description of bromine and chlorine chemistry within the WRF‐Chem 4.1.1 model, and two different descriptions of Arctic bromine activation: (1) heterogeneous chemistry on surface snow on sea ice, triggered by ozone deposition to snow (Toyota et al., 2011 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3949-2011), and (2) heterogeneous reactions on sea salt aerosols emitted through the sublimation of lofted blowing snow (Yang et al., 2008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl034536). In both mechanisms, bromine activation is sustained by heterogeneous reactions on aerosols and surface snow. Simulations for spring 2012 covering the entire Arctic reproduce frequent and widespread ozone depletion events, and comparisons with observations of ozone show that these developments significantly improve model predictions during the Arctic spring. Simulations show that ozone depletion events can be initiated by both surface snow on sea ice, or by aerosols that originate from blowing snow. On a regional scale, in spring 2012, snow on sea ice dominates halogen activation and ozone depletion at the surface. During this period, blowing snow is a major source of Arctic sea salt aerosols but only triggers a few depletion events. Halogen activation and its role in Arctic surface ozone depletion events (ODEs) is modeled using WRF‐Chem Two halogen activation mechanisms are implemented (1) surface snow and (2) blowing snow A spring 2012 case study indicates that both mechanisms can trigger near‐surface ODEs, but that surface snow dominates