THE FUNCTIONAL-ANATOMY OF THE SHOULDER IN THE EUROPEAN STARLING (STURNUS-VULGARIS)
THE FUNCTIONAL-ANATOMY OF THE SHOULDER IN THE EUROPEAN STARLING (STURNUS-VULGARIS)
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DOI：
10.1002/jmor.1052070309
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发表时间：
1991-03-01
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
JENKINS, FA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
DIAL, KP;GOSLOW, GE;JENKINS, FA
通过电影放射线摄影术和肌电图研究欧洲椋鸟 (Sturnus vulgaris) 在风洞中以 9-20 m s-1 的速度飞行时翅膀元件的偏移和 11 块肩部肌肉的活动。在下划开始时，肱骨抬高水平面以上 80-90 度，肘部和腕部均伸展至 90 度或更小。 在下划过程中，肱骨的伸展（55 度）保持恒定；当肱骨穿过水平方向时，肘部和腕部最大程度地伸展（分别为 120 度和 160 度）。 在向下划水到向上划水的过渡期间，肱骨凹陷停止（在水平线以下约 20 度处）并且肱骨开始回缩。 然而，通过肱骨的旋转和腕掌内收，远端翼继续凹陷。 肱骨回缩（至身体轴线约 30 度范围内）在上冲程早期完成，伴随着肘部和腕掌骨的弯曲。 此后，随着继续抬高，肱骨开始伸展。 在上行中段，肱骨的快速反向旋转将机翼的腹侧表面重新定向为面向侧面；肘部和腕掌骨的伸展依次开始。 上冲-下冲过渡的特点是肘部和腕掌骨的进一步伸展，以及肱骨前伸的完成。肌电活动模式主要与翼拍周期的过渡阶段一致，而不是局限于下冲或上冲。 因此，主要的下划肌（胸肌、喙肱肌尾肌、胸喙肌、肩胛下肌和肱三头肌）在上划后期被激活，以在随后的下划中减速、伸展和重新加速翅膀；肌电活动在下划完成之前就结束了。 类似地，上冲程肌肉（喙上肌、三角肌）在下冲程后期被激活，以减速，然后重新加速机翼进入上冲程；这些肌肉在上冲程中段被停用。 只有两块肌肉（肩胛肱肌尾肌、肩胛三头肌）仅在下划期间表现出肌电活动。 八哥表现出三头肌两个头的功能分区（肱三头肌与胸肌群一起作用，并且不与肩胛三头肌重叠）。 肱二头肌的双相模式似乎与这种划分相对应。
The excursions of wing elements and the activity of eleven shoulder muscles were studied by cineradiography and electromyography in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) flying in a wind tunnel at speeds of 9-20 m s-1.At the beginning of downstroke the humerus is elevated 80-90-degrees above horizontal, and both elbow and wrist are extended to 90-degrees or less. During downstroke, protraction of the humerus (55-degrees) remains constant; elbow and wrist are maximally extended (120-degrees and 160-degrees, respectively) as the humerus passes through a horizontal orientation. During the downstroke-upstroke transition humeral depression ceases (at about 20-degrees below horizontal) and the humerus begins to retract. However, depression of the distal wing continues by rotation of the humerus and adduction of the carpometacarpus. Humeral retraction (to within about 30-degrees of the body axis) is completed early in upstroke, accompanied by flexion of the elbow and carpometacarpus. Thereafter the humerus begins to protract as elevation continues. At mid-upstroke a rapid counterrotation of the humerus reorients the ventral surface of the wing to face laterad; extension of the elbow and carpometacarpus are initiated sequentially. The upstroke-downstroke transition is characterized by further extension of the elbow and carpometacarpus, and the completion of humeral protraction.Patterns of electromyographic activity primarily coincide with the transitional phases of the wingbeat cycle rather than being confined to downstroke or upstroke. Thus, the major downstroke muscles (pectoralis, coracobrachialis caudalis, sternocoracoideus, subscapularis, and humerotriceps) are activated in late upstroke to decelerate, extend, and reaccelerate the wing for the subsequent downstroke; electromyographic activity ends well before the downstroke is completed. Similarly, the upstroke muscles (supracoracoideus, deltoideus major) are activated in late downstroke to decelerate and then reaccelerate the wing into the upstroke; these muscles are deactivated by mid-upstroke. Only two muscles (scapulohumeralis caudalis, scapulotriceps) exhibit electromyographic activity exclusively during the downstroke. Starlings exhibit a functional partitioning of the two heads of the triceps (the humerotriceps acts with the pectoralis group, and does not overlap with the scapulotriceps). The biphasic pattern of the biceps brachii appears to correspond to this partitioning.