CITES and beyond: Illuminating 20 years of global, legal wildlife trade
CITES and beyond: Illuminating 20 years of global, legal wildlife trade
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DOI：
10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01455
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发表时间：
2021-04-01
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Dingle, Caroline
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Andersson, Astrid Alexandra;Tilley, Hannah B.;Dingle, Caroline
大自然有潜力为社会提供广泛的经济贡献，从生态系统服务到通过公平的资源贸易为社区提供收入。然而，不可持续的野生动物贸易威胁到生物多样性及其支持社区和地球正常运转的能力。因此，建立明确的系统来追踪野生动物贸易非常重要。监测所有物种的合法野生动物贸易与受保护物种的贸易同样重要，因为合法贸易的流动与非法野生动物贸易相关，并为其提供掩护。大多数野生动物贸易研究都集中在《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》（CITES）中列出的物种。然而，同时发生的、规模相当大的《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》和非《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》所列物种的合法野生动物贸易仍未得到审查，尽管如果管理不善，可能会导致过度开发。在这里，我们分析了联合国商品贸易统计数据库 20 年来的数据，旨在详细说明合法贸易的所有野生动物类群的规模、组成和趋势，并指出改进的机会。 1997年至2016年，这一贸易额总计在2.9万亿美元至4.4万亿美元之间。其中，价值 2.9 万亿美元的野生动物是根据指定分类级及以下的“特定”代码进行交易的，而约 1.4 万亿美元是根据将野生动物分类为分类级及以上的“广泛”代码进行交易的。前10名贸易国家/地区占野生动物贸易总额的51.4%。野生动物贸易的主要商业类别是海鲜（82%）、家具（7%）和时装（毛皮和兽皮）（6%）。在这三个主要类别中，尽管涵盖了数千个物种，但使用“鱼类”、“热带木材”和“其他毛皮”等模糊的商品代码来申报交易的商品分别占 23%、24% 和 26%。由于贸易无法得到全面监控，这种粒度的缺乏会危及生物多样性。我们建议对在这些广泛的代码描述下进行交易的物种进行审查，并在下一个 HS 代码审查期间将代码提炼到分类科或属级别，特别是在宠物、中药和家具类别中。此外，应加强对合法野生动物贸易的跨学科研究，以提供法证、政策、经济和社会解决方案，以改善贸易管理。(c) 2021 作者。由 Elsevier B.V 出版。这是一篇遵循 CC BY-NC-ND 许可证 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 的开放获取文章。
Nature has the potential to provide wide-ranging economic contributions to society e from ecosystem services to providing income to communities via fair trade of resources. Unsustainable trade in wildlife, however, threatens biodiversity and its ability to support communities and a functioning planet. It is therefore important to have clear systems in place for tracing traded wildlife. Monitoring legal wildlife trade in all species is as important as it is for trade in protected species, since flows of the legal trade correlate with, and provide cover for, illegally traded wildlife. The majority of wildlife trade research is focused on species listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The concurrent, considerably larger legal wildlife trade in both CITES and non-CITES-listed species, however, remains unexamined e despite the fact that if mismanaged, it can lead to over-exploitation. Here we analyzed 20 years of data from the UN Comtrade database, aiming to detail the scale, composition, and trends across all taxa of wildlife traded legally, and to indicate opportunities for improvement. From 1997 to 2016 the value of this trade totaled between US$2.9 and 4.4 trillion. Of this, $2.9 trillion wildlife was traded under "specific" codes that specify taxonomic Order and below, while around $1.4 trillion was traded under "broad" codes that declare wildlife to taxonomic Class and above. The top 10 trading nations/territories accounted for 51.4% of the total value of wildlife traded. The top commercial categories for wildlife trade were seafood (82%), furniture (7%), and fashion (furs and hides) (6%). In these three major categories, vague commodity codes such as "Fish", "Tropical wood", and "Other furs" were used to declare 23%, 24% and 26% of items traded, respectively e despite encompassing thousands of species. This lack of granularity imperils biodiversity as trade cannot be comprehensively monitored. We recommend a review of what species are traded under these broad code descriptions, and a distillation of codes to taxonomic Family or Genus level in the next HS Code review period, particularly in the pet, traditional Chinese medicine and furniture categories. In addition, interdisciplinary research into legal wildlife trade should be increased to provide forensic, policy, economic and social solutions to improve trade management.(c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).