Recovery of platinum group metals from spent automotive catalysts: A review
Recovery of platinum group metals from spent automotive catalysts: A review
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DOI：
10.1016/j.clet.2021.100112
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发表时间：
2021-07
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
I. Yakoumis;M. Panou;A. Moschovi;D. Panias
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
I. Yakoumis;M. Panou;A. Moschovi;D. Panias
在过去的几十年里，全球范围内对铂族金属 (PGM) 的回收或替代进行了投资。铂族金属已被列为关键原材料（CRM），因此应实施循环经济模式以对其进行有效回收。从原生矿石中回收铂族金属的成本很高，因为其矿石浓度较低（低于 10 克/吨）且涉及复杂的工艺，而二次资源已被证明是技术经济上可行的铂族金属回收来源。铂族金属的二次资源，例如废汽车催化转化器，其铂族金属浓度比相应的矿石高得多。据估计，废汽车催化转化器占欧洲铂族金属供应量的 57% 以上，被认为是铂族金属回收的重要资源。新型回收技术不仅注重高回收率，还注重成本效率和环境保护。从工业角度来看，火法冶金是主要的回收技术，湿法冶金是其次选择的，生物冶金（生物浸出、生物吸收）目前用于实验室规模的回收。在本综述中，介绍并讨论了所有主要的铂族金属回收技术。通过采用直接、可持续的浸出设计，湿法冶金工艺可以在工业规模回收中站稳脚跟。更温和的浸出条件、更环保的溶剂和高固体浸出量是湿法冶金升级的关键。
In the last decades, a worldwide investment in the recovery or substitution of platinum group metals (PGMs) has been financed. PGMs have been classified as critical raw materials (CRMs), thus a circular economy model should be implemented for their effective recovery. PGM recovery from primary ores is expensive, due to low concentrations of their ores (lower than 10 g/tn) and sophisticated processes implicated, while secondary resources have been proven technoeconomically feasible sources for PGM recycling. Secondary resources of PGMs, such as spent automotive catalytic converters, contain considerably higher PGM concentrations than their corresponding ores. It is estimated that spent automotive catalytic converters deliver more than 57% of PGMs’ European supply, being considered a crucial resource for PGM recovery. Novel recovery techniques focus not only on high recovery rates, but also on cost efficiency and environmental protection. From an industrial viewpoint, pyrometallurgy is the dominant recovery technique, hydrometallurgy is secondly chosen and biometallurgy (bioleaching, bioabsorption) is applied for lab-scale recovery -at this moment. In the present review, all major PGM recovery techniques are presented and discussed. Hydrometallurgical processes could gain a foothold in industrial scale recycling, by adopting a direct, sustainable leaching design. Milder leaching conditions, greener solvents and high solid mass leached, are the keys for the hydrometallurgical upscaling.