Infant attachment and temperament as predictors of subsequent externalizing problems and cardiac physiology
Infant attachment and temperament as predictors of subsequent externalizing problems and cardiac physiology
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DOI：
10.1111/1469-7610.00167
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发表时间：
2003-09-01
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
Fox, NA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Burgess, KB;Marshall, PJ;Fox, NA
背景：这项研究的主要目的是检验个体儿童气质和亲子关系质量在多大程度上独立和/或交互地预测生理、心理社会和行为‘结果’。采用三年多的纵向前瞻性设计，在婴儿依恋、不受约束的气质和4年的行为和生理功能之间发现了统计关联，这支持了生物-心理-社会发展模型。方法：对140名儿童及其母亲在14个月时的依恋分类、24个月时的行为抑制以及4岁时与陌生同龄人的社会行为进行观察性评估。于各时间点采集心率和呼吸性窦性心律失常(RSA)的心脏测量值。在4岁时，还获得了母亲对儿童气质和行为的评分。结果：与抑制组(高、中、低)和依恋分类(A、B、C)的方差分析显示，低抑制组4年后的活动水平得分显著高于中、高度抑制组，而沉默程度显著低于中、高度抑制组。与母亲有回避性依恋的婴儿在4岁时比安全或两端依恋的婴儿有更多的外在问题(攻击性行为)。然而，这种预测关系被一种相互作用所证实，即回避性依恋和不受约束的气质一起预测外化行为问题的更高发生率。此外，在4岁时，婴儿的回避性依恋不是同时存在的，而是与较低的心率和较高的RSA相关。因此，在婴儿期母子关系的回避性可能会影响儿童早期自主神经状态的发展。结论：这些发现与生物-心理-社会发展模型一致，支持儿童早期气质和亲子关系质量对随后的心理/行为和生理功能有贡献的观点。
Background: The primary objective of this study was to examine the extent to which both individual child temperament and parent-child relationship quality independently and/or interactively predicted physiological, psychosocial, and behavioral `outcomes'. Employing a longitudinal prospective design over three years, statistical associations were found among infant attachment, uninhibited temperament, and 4-year behavioral and physiological functioning that supported a bio-psychosocial model of development. Method: Three cohorts totaling 140 children and their mothers visited the laboratory for observational assessments of attachment classification at age 14 months (Strange Situation), behavioral inhibition at 24 months, and social behaviors with unfamiliar peers at age 4 years. Cardiac measures of heart rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were collected at every time point. At age 4 years maternal ratings of child temperament and behaviors were also obtained. Results: Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with inhibition group (high, moderate, low) and attachment classification (A, B, C) revealed that the low inhibited group had significantly higher activity level scores and displayed significantly less reticence at 4 years compared to the moderately and highly inhibited groups. Infants who had an avoidant attachment with their mothers had more externalizing problems (aggressive behaviors) at age 4 than either securely or ambivalently attached infants. This predictive relation, however, was qualified by an interaction whereby avoidant attachment and uninhibited temperament together predicted a higher incidence of externalizing behavior problems. Moreover, infants' avoidant attachment was not concurrently but predictively associated with lower heart rate and high RSA at age 4 years. Therefore, an avoidant mother-child relationship in infancy could influence the development of an underaroused autonomic profile in early childhood. Conclusions: Consistent with bio-psychosocial models of development, these findings support the contention that both early child temperament and parent-child relationship quality contribute to subsequent psychological/behavioral and physiological functioning.