Evolution of pathogens in a man-made world
Evolution of pathogens in a man-made world
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03375.x
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发表时间：
2008-01-01
影响因子：
4.9
通讯作者：
Thomas, Frederic
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lebarbenchon, Camille;Brown, Sam P.;Thomas, Frederic
人类活动导致了大规模的环境变化，特别是在过去的世纪。生态学家和进化生物学家越来越认识到，寄生虫和病原体，就像自由生活的有机体一样，是这些人为变化的结果。虽然这一领域现在引起了各种研究人员的注意，但缺乏广泛的预测框架，主要是因为人类活动，环境和寄生虫进化之间的联系很复杂。从文献中选择的经验和理论的例子，我们给出了一个概述的方式，人类可以直接或间接地影响寄生虫的不同性状的演变（如特异性，毒力，多态性）。我们讨论了直接和间接因素的作用，如栖息地破碎化，污染，生物多样性丧失，气候变化，物种引进，疫苗和抗生素的使用，人口老龄化等，我们还提出了进一步研究的挑战性问题。了解人为变化和寄生虫进化之间的联系需要成为公共卫生规划，经济发展和保护生物学的基石。
Human activities have resulted in substantial, large-scale environmental modifications, especially in the past century. Ecologists and evolutionary biologists are increasingly coming to realize that parasites and pathogens, like free-living organisms, evolve as the consequence of these anthropogenic changes. Although this area now commands the attention of a variety of researchers, a broad predictive framework is lacking, mainly because the links between human activities, the environment and parasite evolution are complex. From empirical and theoretical examples chosen in the literature, we give an overview of the ways in which humans can directly or indirectly influence the evolution of different traits in parasites (e.g. specificity, virulence, polymorphism). We discuss the role of direct and indirect factors as diverse as habitat fragmentation, pollution, biodiversity loss, climate change, introduction of species, use of vaccines and antibiotics, ageing of the population, etc. We also present challenging questions for further research. Understanding the links between anthropogenic changes and parasite evolution needs to become a cornerstone of public health planning, economic development and conservation biology.