Apes know that hidden objects can affect the orientation of other objects
Apes know that hidden objects can affect the orientation of other objects
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cognition.2006.08.004
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发表时间：
2007-10-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Call, Josep
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Call, Josep
四只倭黑猩猩、七只大猩猩和六只猩猩在平台上放置了两块小矩形板。其中一块木板下面有一块食物，因此它具有倾斜的方向，而另一块木板则保持平坦在平台上。受试者优先选择斜板。在另一项实验中，受试者最初看到两块倾斜的木板，然后发生了一种转变，其中一块木板平放在平台上，而另一块木板保持倾斜。受试者也更喜欢保持倾斜的董事会。另外两个实验强调了他们在这项任务中的推理可能存在的一些局限性。提供了两块倾斜的木板，其中一块明显由一块木头支撑，他们未能系统地选择没有支撑的一块，而其倾斜的唯一原因是奖励的存在。另一项实验在每次试验中以以下两种组合之一提供两种奖励（而不是通常的奖励）：大香蕉与小胡萝卜或小香蕉与大胡萝卜。在测试之前，E向受试者提供了两种奖励，然后将它们分别藏在一块木板下，这样，由于所涉及的奖励大小不同，两块木板的倾向也不同。尽管受试者选择了表现出更大倾向的棋盘（从而获得更大的奖励），但他们忽略了所涉及的食物类型。这通常意味着他们选择大胡萝卜而不是小香蕉，即使他们在奖励没有被棋盘遮挡时改变了这样的选择。向受试者提供隐藏在板下的奖励类型的“提醒”并不会改变最初的结果。在各种实验和控制测试中，没有任何学习的证据，排除了实验者无意暗示、由于缺乏动机而表现不佳或由于倾向于选择具有倾斜表面的物体而表现良好的可能性。结论是，受试者对木板倾斜方向的原因做出了一些推断，而不是简单地将倾斜方向与奖励的存在联系起来。 (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. 保留所有权利。
Four bonobos, seven gorillas, and six orangutans were presented with two small rectangular boards on a platform. One of the boards had a piece of food under it so that it acquired an inclined orientation whereas the other remained flat on the platform. Subjects preferentially selected the inclined board. In another experiment, subjects were initially presented with two inclined boards and a transformation took place in which one of the boards fell flat to the platform while the other remained inclined. Subjects also preferred the board that remained inclined. Two additional experiments highlighted some of the possible limitations of their reasoning in this task. Presented with two inclined boards, one of which was visibly supported by a piece of wood, they failed to systematically select the unsupported one whose only reason for being inclined was the presence of the reward. Another experiment presented two rewards in each trial (instead of the customary one) in one of the following two combinations: large banana vs. small carrot or small banana vs. large carrot. Prior to the test, E presented both rewards to the subject and then hid each of them under one of the boards so that both boards were differentially inclined due to the different sizes of the rewards involved. Although subjects selected the board that showed a greater inclination (thus securing the larger reward), they disregarded the type of food that was involved. This often meant that they chose the large carrot over the small banana even though they reversed such a choice when the rewards were not occluded by the boards. Providing subjects with a 'reminder' of the type of reward hidden under the boards did not alter the original results. There was no evidence of learning throughout the various experiments and control tests ruled out the possibility of inadvertent cuing by the experimenter, poor performance due to a lack of motivation, or good performance due to a predisposition to select objects with sloped surfaces. It is concluded that subjects made some inferences about the reason for the inclined orientation of the boards, and not simply associated an inclined orientation with the presence of the reward. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.