In Vivo Imaging of Human Neuroinflammation.
In Vivo Imaging of Human Neuroinflammation.
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DOI：
10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00056
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发表时间：
2016-04-20
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Loggia ML
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Albrecht DS;Granziera C;Hooker JM;Loggia ML
神经炎症与越来越多的人类疾病的病理生理学有关，包括多发性硬化症、慢性疼痛、创伤性脑损伤和肌萎缩侧索硬化症。因此，在过去 15 年里，人们对开发新方法来研究神经炎症过程、用于诊断、开发新疗法和治疗监测的兴趣激增。神经影像学提供了多种非侵入性或微创技术来表征神经炎症过程。本综述的目的是简要描述目前可用的神经成像方法，用于对体内人类中枢神经系统 (CNS) 的神经炎症进行成像。具体来说，由于核成像（正电子发射断层扫描 [PET]；单光子发射计算机断层扫描 [SPECT]）和磁共振成像 (MRI) 设备的相对广泛使用，我们将重点关注利用这些技术的策略。我们首先提供“神经炎症”的工作定义，然后讨论可用于研究人类神经炎症过程的神经影像学方法。具体来说，我们将重点关注针对以下目标的神经影像学方法：(1) CNS 免疫活性细胞的激活（例如，使用 TSPO 示踪剂 [11C]PBR28 对神经胶质激活进行成像），(2) 受损的 BBB（例如，使用钆增强 MRI 识别 MS 病变），(3) 循环免疫细胞的 CNS 浸润（例如，使用氧化铁纳米颗粒追踪单核细胞浸润到脑实质中，以及MRI），以及（4）神经炎症的病理后果（例如使用 [99mTc]Annexin V 成像细胞凋亡或使用 T2* 弛豫测量法成像铁积累）。本综述概述了人类神经炎症成像的最先进技术，这些技术有可能在可预见的未来影响患者护理。
Neuroinflammation is implicated in the pathophysiology of a growing number of human disorders, including multiple sclerosis, chronic pain, traumatic brain injury, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. As a result, interest in the development of novel methods to investigate neuroinflammatory processes, for the purpose of diagnosis, development of new therapies, and treatment monitoring, has surged over the past 15 years. Neuroimaging offers a wide array of non- or minimally invasive techniques to characterize neuroinflammatory processes. The intent of this Review is to provide brief descriptions of currently available neuroimaging methods to image neuroinflammation in the human central nervous system (CNS) in vivo. Specifically, because of the relatively widespread accessibility of equipment for nuclear imaging (positron emission tomography [PET]; single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we will focus on strategies utilizing these technologies. We first provide a working definition of “neuroinflammation” and then discuss available neuroimaging methods to study human neuroinflammatory processes. Specifically, we will focus on neuroimaging methods that target (1) the activation of CNS immunocompetent cells (e.g. imaging of glial activation with TSPO tracer [11C]PBR28), (2) compromised BBB (e.g. identification of MS lesions with gadolinium-enhanced MRI), (3) CNS-infiltration of circulating immune cells (e.g. tracking monocyte infiltration into brain parenchyma with iron oxide nanoparticles and MRI), and (4) pathological consequences of neuroinflammation (e.g. imaging apoptosis with [99mTc]Annexin V or iron accumulation with T2* relaxometry). This Review provides an overview of state-of-the-art techniques for imaging human neuroinflammation which have potential to impact patient care in the foreseeable future.