SYMBOLIC VALUE AS AN ORGANIZING FACTOR IN PERCEPTION
SYMBOLIC VALUE AS AN ORGANIZING FACTOR IN PERCEPTION
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DOI：
10.1080/00224545.1948.9918925
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发表时间：
1948-05-01
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
Postman, Leo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bruner, Jerome S.;Postman, Leo
到目前为止，不言而喻的是，仅从对刺激的物理特性和/或感觉神经过程的特征的了解来预测感知组织的本质是不可能的。但是，仅仅口头上支持这样一个命题是不够的，即被感知的东西反映了生物体在感知的那一刻的倾向、目标和努力。如果一个人要为这种关于感知嵌入人格的概括提供实质内容，就有必要从操作上定义和系统地改变感知中的这些个人内部因素(2)，并测量它们对感知组织维度的影响。感知情境的一个参数，至少在目前，不能被翻译成常规的物理和神经术语，就是被感知事物的符号性。我们所说的象征价值，只是指一个被感知的物体唤起的反应的能力，这种反应主要不是与它本身有关，而是与它所代表的某种状态有关。因此，一个被感知的物体可能作为奖励或惩罚、威胁或安全、满足或剥夺的标志而作出反应。已经有一小部分实验证据表明，符号价值是感知的决定因素。例如，Ansbacher(1)、Kardos(5)和Fazil(4)展示了物体（邮票和硬币）的符号价值在确定数字大小判断方面所起的关键作用。Bruner和Goodman(2)最近展示了货币价值影响对物品大小判断的复杂方式。这些研究人员发现，不仅“文化”定义的价值是大小判断的系统决定因素，而且这种判断也随着个人对象征的需求而变化。本研究旨在增加我们对符号价值对知觉组织的影响的认识。到目前为止，对符号价值的研究主要是积极的
It is by now a truism to say that it is impossible to predict the nature of perceptual organization from a knowledge of the physical properties of the stimulus and/or the characteristics of sensory neural processes alone. But it is not sufficient to pay lip service to the proposition that what is perceived reflects the predispositions, goals, and strivings of the organism at the moment of perceiving. If one is to lend substance to such generalities about the embeddedness of perception in personality, it is necessary to define operationally and to vary systematically such intra-personal factors in perception (2) and to measure their effect on the dimensions of perceptual organization.One of the parameters of the perceptual situation which cannot, at least for the present, be translated into conventional physical and neural terms is the symbolic due of that which is perceived. By symbolic value we simply mean the capacity of a perceived object to evoke reactions relevant not primarily to itself but to some state of affairs which it represents. A perceived object thus may be reacted to as a sign of reward or punishment, threat or security, fulfillment or deprivation. There is already a small body of experimental evidence demonstrating the rble of symbolic value as a determinant of perception. Ansbacher (l), Kardos (5), and Fazil (4), for example, have shown the crucial r61e played by the symbolic value of objects (stamps and coins) in determining judgments of numerical magnitude. Bruner and Goodman (2) have recently demonstrated the complex ways in which monetary value affects the judgment of the size of objects. These investigators found that not only is the “culturally” defined value a systematic determinant of size judgments but that such judgments also vary with the individual’s need for that which is symbolized. The present investigation was designed to add to our knowledge of the effect of symbolic value on perceptual organization. Thus far, experiments on the r61e of symbolic value have dealt predominantly with positively