From Mercenary to Citizen Armies: Explaining Change in the Practice of War
From Mercenary to Citizen Armies: Explaining Change in the Practice of War
复制标题
从雇佣军到公民军队：解释战争实践的变化
DOI：
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复制
发表时间：
2000
影响因子：
7.8
通讯作者：
Deborah D. Avant
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Deborah D. Avant
雇佣军在世纪已经过时了;军队应该由公民组成，这已经成为常识。我认为，即使现实主义的解释侧重于公民军队的战斗力和社会学的解释，侧重于公民军队和流行的思想之间的适合可以合理化这种变化，他们不能解释它，相反，我检查，新的依赖公民军队背后的政治，并认为物质和观念的动荡提供了重要的先决条件的变化。除此之外，当个别国家在军事上被击败以及执政联盟分裂或对与公民军队相关的改革漠不关心时，它们更有可能转向公民军队。最后，公民军队在法国和普鲁士取得了明显的成功，这使得其他国家更容易获得改革的国内条件，从而加强了复制解决方案的可能性。我的结论是，国内政治和路径依赖之间的相互作用提供了一个很有前途的来源的假设解释的条件下，新的战争方式的出现和蔓延。
Mercenary armies went out of style in the nineteenth century; it became common sense that armies should be staffed with citizens. I argue that even though realist explanations focusing on the fighting prowess of citizen armies and sociological explanations focusing on the fit between citizen armies and prevailing ideas can rationalize this change, they cannot explain it. I examine, instead, the politics behind the new reliance on citizen armies and argue that material and ideational turmoil provided important antecedent conditions for change. Beyond this, individual states were more likely to move toward citizen armies when they had been defeated militarily and when the ruling coalition was split or indifferent about the reforms tied to citizen armies. Finally, the apparent success of citizen armies in France and then Prussia made do mestic conditions for reform easier to obtain in other countries, reinforcing the likelihood that the solution would be replicated. I conclude that the interaction between domestic politics and path dependency provides a promising source of hypotheses for explaining the conditions under which new ways of war emerge and spread.