Sex in Public
Sex in Public
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公共场所性行为
DOI：
10.1215/9781478002765-007
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
D. Dinner
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Elizabeth Sepper;D. Dinner
这篇文章讲述了公共住宿中性行为法律的第一部历史--这一历史对于今天在公共场合关于性别和性行为的激烈辩论至关重要。就在50年前，不仅LGBTQ人群，而且顺性别女性在公共场合都是歧视的对象。餐馆和酒吧都挂着“男士专用”的招牌。妇女在扶轮社和Jaycees等民间组织中处于次要地位，在许多专业机构中完全被排除在外，如新闻俱乐部。体育运动--从少年棒球联盟到高尔夫俱乐部--阻碍了女孩和妇女在运动上取得卓越成就。金融机构将已婚妇女的身份归入其丈夫的身份。在20世纪70年代，女权主义运动抗议并起诉了公共设施中的性别歧视。他们获得了州法律，开放商业和休闲，让男女都能“充分和平等地享受”。当“性”被添加到州公共住宿法中时，女权主义者、她们的反对者和政府行为者将公共场合的性别平等理解为不仅仅是平等地进入公共空间。它还意味着不受性行为和性别表现监管的约束，并有可能改变棒球场和卫生间等对男性主导地位至关重要的机构。这段历史为从同性伴侣的婚礼蛋糕到变性人进入厕所的争议中公共住宿法律的解释提供了信息。
This Article recounts the first history of sex in public accommodations law—a history essential to debates that rage today over gender and sexuality in public. Just fifty years ago, not only LGBTQ people but also cisgender women were the subject of discrimination in public. Restaurants and bars displayed “men-only” signs. Women held secondary status in civic organizations, such as Rotary and Jaycees, and were excluded altogether from many professional bodies, such as press clubs. Sports—from the Little League to the golf club—kept girls and women from achieving athletic excellence. Financial institutions subsumed married women’s identities within those of their husbands. Over the course of the 1970s, the feminist movement protested and litigated against sex discrimination in public accommodations. They secured state laws opening up commerce and leisure for “full and equal enjoyment” by both sexes. When “sex” was added to state public accommodations laws, feminists, their opponents, and government actors understood sex equality in public to signify more than equal access to public spaces. It also implicated freedom from the regulation of sexuality and gender performance and held the potential to transform institutions central to dominant masculinity, like baseball fields and bathrooms. This history informs the interpretation of public accommodations laws in controversies from same-sex couples’ wedding cakes to transgender people’s restroom access.